How to format your references using the Silence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Silence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Kowalchuk GA. Ecology. Bad news for soil carbon sequestration? Science. 2012;337:1049–50.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Kalnay E, Cai M. Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature. 2003;423:528–31.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Lee J, Park J, Choi C. Identification of phenotype deterministic genes using systemic analysis of transcriptional response. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4413.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Wenger OS, Leigh BS, Villahermosa RM, Gray HB, Winkler JR. Electron tunneling through organic molecules in frozen glasses. Science. 2005;307:99–102.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bauer E. Design for Reliability. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Buchwald H, Fleischmann A, Seese D, Stary C, editors. S-BPM ONE – Setting the Stage for Subject-Oriented Business Process Management: First International Workshop, Karlsruhe, Germany, October 22, 2009. Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Alpay D, Jorgensen P, Lewkowicz I. Extending Wavelet Filters: Infinite Dimensions, the Nonrational Case, and Indefinite Inner Product Spaces. In: Andrews TD, Balan R, Benedetto JJ, Czaja W, Okoudjou KA, editors. Excursions in Harmonic Analysis, Volume 2: The February Fourier Talks at the Norbert Wiener Center. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser; 2013. p. 69–111.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Silence.

Blog post

1. Luntz S. Scientists “Trick” Fat Into Burning More Calories. IFLScience. 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/scientists-trick-fat-burning-more-calories/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Safe Routes to School: Progress in Implementing the Program, but a Comprehensive Plan to Evaluate Program Outcomes Is Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Yanez AM. Chicano and Black radical activism of the 1960s: A comparison between the Brown Berets and the Black Panther Party in California. Doctoral dissertation. University of California San Diego; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Powell M. Zen Phil Exits The Garden. The Knicks Will Endure. New York Times. 2017;:B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Silence
ISSN (print)	1758-907X
Scope