How to format your references using the Ships and Offshore Structures citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ships and Offshore Structures. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brown KR. 2014. Physics Probing the electron. Science. 343(6168):255–256.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sonderegger P, Patthy L. 2007. Comment on “Tequila, a neurotrypsin ortholog, regulates long-term memory formation in Drosophila.” Science. 316(5832):1698; author reply 1698.

A journal article with 3 authors

Silvarolla MB, Mazzafera P, Fazuoli LC. 2004. Plant biochemistry: a naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee. Nature. 429(6994):826.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Miyanishi M, Tada K, Koike M, Uchiyama Y, Kitamura T, Nagata S. 2007. Identification of Tim4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor. Nature. 450(7168):435–439.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Neward T, Erickson AC, Crowell T, Minerich R. 2010. Professional F# 2.0. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

An edited book

Gianin ER. 2007. Esercizi di finanza matematica. Sgarra C, editor. Milano: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Xi W, Bi H, He B. 2012. Forest Landscape Restoration in China. In: Stanturf J, Madsen P, Lamb D, editors. A Goal-Oriented Approach to Forest Landscape Restoration. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 65–92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ships and Offshore Structures.

Blog post

Andrews R. 2016. Hidden “Mantle Scars” Can Come To Life And Cause Earthquakes. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/hidden-mantle-scars-can-come-to-life-and-cause-earthquakes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2017. Department of Transportation: Experts Identified Areas for Operational Improvements without Implementing Organizational Changes. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Loretz N. 2009. Human trafficking: Identification, education, and awareness: A grant proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Marx L. 2014. Friends, Artists and Partners. New York Times.:ST25.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Brown 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Sonderegger and Patthy 2007; Brown 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sonderegger and Patthy 2007)
Three or more authors: (Miyanishi et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ships and Offshore Structures
Abbreviation	Ships Offshore Structures
ISSN (print)	1744-5302
ISSN (online)	1754-212X
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Ocean Engineering