How to format your references using the Ships and Offshore Structures citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ships and Offshore Structures. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stewart I I. 2000. Mathematics. A gathering of groups. Nature. 403(6771):719–720.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zimmerman AW, Connors SL. 2014. Neuroscience. Could autism be treated prenatally? Science. 343(6171):620–621.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tibi R, Wiens DA, Inoue H. 2003. Remote triggering of deep earthquakes in the 2002 Tonga sequences. Nature. 424(6951):921–925.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Zhang F, Zhou Z, Xu X, Wang X, Sullivan C. 2008. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers. Nature. 455(7216):1105–1108.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kuehni RG. 2004. Color. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Sheth A, Staab S, Dean M, Paolucci M, Maynard D, Finin T, Thirunarayan K, editors. 2008. The Semantic Web - ISWC 2008: 7th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2008, Karlsruhe, Germany, October 26-30, 2008. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Prasad GA, Wang KK. 2006. Endoscopic Therapy for Early Esophageal Cancer and Premalignant Lesions in Barrett’s Esophagus. In: Faigel DO, Kochman ML, editors. Endoscopic Oncology: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Cancer Management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; p. 43–51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ships and Offshore Structures.

Blog post

Fang J. 2015. How Neanderthal DNA Affects Your Genome. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/how-neanderthals-made-their-mark-our-species/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1974. Need for Additional Bilingual Education Teachers and the Availability of Training Programs To Prepare Them for Classroom Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Solano EA. 2012. Hindemith’s Sonata for Viola, ope 11, no.4 A compositional and historical perspective [Doctoral dissertation]. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. 2013. Races End Fees to Top Runners, Drawing Outcry. New York Times.:B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Stewart 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Stewart 2000; Zimmerman and Connors 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Zimmerman and Connors 2014)
Three or more authors: (Zhang et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ships and Offshore Structures
Abbreviation	Ships Offshore Structures
ISSN (print)	1744-5302
ISSN (online)	1754-212X
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Ocean Engineering