How to format your references using the Scottish Journal of Geology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scottish Journal of Geology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lewontin, R. 2004. Evolution. Retrospective: in memory of John Maynard Smith (1920-2004). Science (New York, N.Y.), 304, 979.

A journal article with 2 authors

Stuiver, M.H. and Custers, J.H. 2001. Engineering disease resistance in plants. Nature, 411, 865–868.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bao, S., Chan, V.T. and Merzenich, M.M. 2001. Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons. Nature, 412, 79–83.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Cantó, C., Gerhart-Hines, Z., et al. 2009. AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity. Nature, 458, 1056–1060.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bruen, A.A. and Forcinito, M.A. 2004. Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction.

An edited book

Miculan, M., Scagnetto, I. and Honsell, F. (eds). 2008. Types for Proofs and Programs: International Conference, TYPES 2007, Cividale Des Friuli, Italy, May 2-5, 2007 Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

A chapter in an edited book

Zhu, Y., Lan, H., Ness, D.A., Xing, K., Schneider, K., Lee, S.-H. and Ge, J. 2015. Alternative Energy Development in Rural Chinese Communities. In: Lan, H., Ness, D. A., Xing, K., Schneider, K., Lee, S.-H. and Ge, J. (eds) Transforming Rural Communities in China and Beyond: Community Entrepreneurship and Enterprises, Infrastructure Development and Investment Modes. 93–116.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scottish Journal of Geology.

Blog post

Hamilton, K. 2016. FDA Warns Common Food Ingredient Can Be Fatal To Dogs. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1995. Department of Transportation: Issues Related to Transportation Funding. T-RCED-95-83.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Onal, B. 2015. RFID Feasibility Study for Check-out Stations at Supermarkets. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kaplan, T. and Shear, M.D. 2017. As Conservatives Grouse, House Passes Disaster Aid and Debt Limit Package. New York Times, A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Lewontin 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Stuiver and Custers 2001; Lewontin 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Stuiver and Custers 2001)
Three or more authors: (Cantó et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Scottish Journal of Geology
Abbreviation	Scott. J. Geol.
ISSN (print)	0036-9276
ISSN (online)	2041-4951
Scope	Geology