How to format your references using the Scoliosis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scoliosis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Weiss U. Intestinal networks in health and disease. Nature. 2011;474:297.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Shi Q, King RW. Chromosome nondisjunction yields tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells in human cell lines. Nature. 2005;437:1038–42.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Lai CSW, Franke TF, Gan W-B. Opposite effects of fear conditioning and extinction on dendritic spine remodelling. Nature. 2012;483:87–91.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Müller-Navarra DC, Brett MT, Park S, Chandra S, Ballantyne AP, Zorita E, et al. Unsaturated fatty acid content in seston and tropho-dynamic coupling in lakes. Nature. 2004;427:69–72.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Kizer G. Digital Microwave Communication. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Anděl J, Bičík I, Dostál P, Lipský Z, Shahneshin SG, editors. Landscape Modelling: Geographical Space, Transformation and Future Scenarios. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. McConnell R. A Solar Concentrator Pathway to Low-Cost Electrolytic Hydrogen. In: Rajeshwar K, McConnell R, Licht S, editors. Solar Hydrogen Generation: Toward a Renewable Energy Future. New York, NY: Springer; 2008. p. 65–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scoliosis.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Solved: The Mystery Of Why It’s Impossible To Pull Apart Interleaved Phone Books. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Success of the Programed School Input Program Justifies Expansion. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982 Sep. Report No.: FPCD-82-53.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Olson LL. Of Hell and High Water: Longitudinal Case Studies of the Internal and External Recovery Efforts of Non-Governmental Organizations after Hurricane Katrina [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Crow K. “Something To Hang Onto”: A New Calling Making Flags. New York Times. 2002 Mar 17;147.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Scoliosis
Abbreviation	Scoliosis
ISSN (online)	1748-7161
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

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