How to format your references using the Scoliosis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scoliosis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Clement BM. Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude. Nature. 2004;428:637–40.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Long MA, Fee MS. Using temperature to analyse temporal dynamics in the songbird motor pathway. Nature. 2008;456:189–94.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Ghaffari HO, Nasseri MHB, Young RP. Faulting of rocks in a three-dimensional stress field by micro-anticracks. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5011.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Gröning O, Wang S, Yao X, Pignedoli CA, Borin Barin G, Daniels C, et al. Engineering of robust topological quantum phases in graphene nanoribbons. Nature. 2018;560:209–13.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Lacava A, Bogucki J, Bedrytski A, de Detrich M, Neil B. Professional Scala. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

1. Gruca DA, Czachórski T, Kozielski S, editors. Man-Machine Interactions 3. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Vitiello MS. Terahertz Photonic Devices. In: Corsi C, Sizov F, editors. THz and Security Applications: Detectors, Sources and Associated Electronics for THz Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 91–111.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scoliosis.

Blog post

1. Davis J. Evidence Of Earliest Ritualized Decapitation In The Americas Discovered. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Americans With Disabilities Act: Challenges Faced by Transit Agencies in Complying With the Act’s Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 Mar. Report No.: RCED-94-58.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Gemmer J. Shape Selection in the non-Euclidean Model of Elasticity [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kishkovsky S. A TV Extravaganza of Music! Comedy! Militia! K.G.B.! New York Times. 2005 Dec 23;A4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Scoliosis
Abbreviation	Scoliosis
ISSN (online)	1748-7161
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine