How to format your references using the Scientific African citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scientific African. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. Korte, Neuroscience. A protoplasmic kiss to remember, Science 319 (2008) 1627–1628.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

K. Gronke, A. Diefenbach, Regenerative biology: Innate immunity repairs gut lining, Nature 528 (2015) 488–489.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

P.D. Rich, H.-P. Liaw, A.K. Lee, Place cells. Large environments reveal the statistical structure governing hippocampal representations, Science 345 (2014) 814–817.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

A.R. Muotri, V.T. Chu, M.C.N. Marchetto, W. Deng, J.V. Moran, F.H. Gage, Somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells mediated by L1 retrotransposition, Nature 435 (2005) 903–910.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

C.A. Campbell, M. Collins, The One-Page Project Manager for Execution, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

R.R. Jensen, Geo-Spatial Technologies in Urban Environments, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

T.E. Wohlers, L.L. Bernier, United States, in: L.L. Bernier (Ed.), Setting Sail into the Age of Digital Local Government: Trends and Best Practices, Springer US, Boston, MA, 2016: pp. 39–56.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scientific African.

Blog post

[1]

S. Potvin, This Is What 100 Years Of Selective Breeding Has Done To Dogs, IFLScience (2017). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/this-is-what-100-years-of-selective-breeding-has-done-to-dogs/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Coordination, Policy Development, and Implementation for International Telecommunications Facilities, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1978.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

J.W. Woodworth, Secure Semantic Search over Encrypted Big Data in the Cloud, Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

L. Saslow, Brookhaven Lab Avoids Cuts in Budget, New York Times (2007) LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Scientific African
ISSN (print)	2468-2276
Scope