How to format your references using the Scandinavian Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scandinavian Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Buffett BA. Geophysics. The enigmatic inner core. Science 2010;328:982–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Bjerrum CJ, Canfield DE. Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides. Nature 2002;417:159–62.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Rubie DC, Gessmann CK, Frost DJ. Partitioning of oxygen during core formation on the Earth and Mars. Nature 2004;429:58–61.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Guo X, Gao J, Li F, Wang J. Evidence of horizontal transfer of non-autonomous Lep1 Helitrons facilitated by host-parasite interactions. Sci Rep 2014;4:5119.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Bradford R. Is Shakespeare Any Good? Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Matson JL, Andrasik F, Matson ML, editors. Assessing Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities. New York, NY: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Escoffier B, Monnot J, Paschos VT, Xiao M. New Results on Polynomial Inapproximability and Fixed Parameter Approximability of edge dominating set. In: Thilikos DM, Woeginger GJ, editors. Parameterized and Exact Computation: 7th International Symposium, IPEC 2012, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 12-14, 2012. Proceedings, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012, p. 25–36.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scandinavian Journal of Pain.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Does Lettuce Actually Get Your Rabbit Stoned? IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/does-lettuce-actually-get-your-rabbit-stoned/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Readiness of the Telecommunications Industry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Mitra A. Sigma Factor N: A Novel Regulator of Acid Resistance and Locus of Enterocyte Effacement in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Doctoral dissertation. University of South Florida, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Greenhouse L. Court Looks at Legal Role for Mentally Ill. New York Times 2008:A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Scandinavian Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	Scand. J. Pain
ISSN (print)	1877-8860
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology