How to format your references using the QJM: An International Journal of Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Calvert P. Materials science. Printing cells. Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):208–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Abercrombie RE, Ekström G. Earthquake slip on oceanic transform faults. Nature. 2001 Mar 1;410(6824):74–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Arnarez C, Marrink SJ, Periole X. Identification of cardiolipin binding sites on cytochrome c oxidase at the entrance of proton channels. Sci Rep. 2013 Feb 12;3:1263.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Xiang G, Wang YG, Li J, Zhuang J, Wang X. Surface-specific interaction by structure-match confined pure high-energy facet of unstable TiO₂(B) polymorph. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1411.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Caban S, Mehlführer C, Rupp M, Wrulich M. Evaluation of HSDPA and LTE. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Andersen HT, Atkinson R, editors. Production and Use of Urban Knowledge: European Experiences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013. VI, 183 p.

A chapter in an edited book

Ullah AA, Huque AS. Vulnerability and Resilience in Living with HIV/AIDS. In: Huque AS, editor. Asian Immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma, Vulnerabilities and Human Rights. Singapore: Springer; 2014. p. 111–31.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.

Blog post

Taub B. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016. Medieval “Vampires” Found Buried In Polish Graves.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Basis Used by the Office of Education for Classifying Contracts as Either Competitive or Noncompetitive. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1971 Mar. Report No.: B-164031(1).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Belcher JT. Optimism, psychological well-being, and quality of life in females with Fibromyalgia Syndrome [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

St. John Kelly E. PLAYING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD. New York Times. 1994 Feb 6;1317.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
Abbreviation	QJM
ISSN (print)	1460-2393
ISSN (online)	1460-2725
Scope	General Medicine