How to format your references using the Population Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Population Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hede K (2013) Emergency medicine: The need for speed. Nature 503:S14-5

A journal article with 2 authors

Hartley RR, Behringer RP (2003) Logarithmic rate dependence of force networks in sheared granular materials. Nature 421:928–931

A journal article with 3 authors

Herne MC, Nair JP, Salisbury SW (2010) Comment on “A southern tyrant reptile.” Science 329:1013; author reply 1013

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Li Y, Chen X, Xie Y, et al (2014) Effects of young poplar plantations on understory plant diversity in the Dongting Lake wetlands, China. Sci Rep 4:6339

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mishra AR (2010) Cellular Technologies for Emerging Markets. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Stoeglehner G (2016) Integrated Spatial and Energy Planning: Supporting Climate Protection and the Energy Turn with Means of Spatial Planning. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

López-Milán E, Plà-Aragonés LM (2015) Optimization of the Supply Chain Management of Sugarcane in Cuba. In: Plà-Aragonés LM (ed) Handbook of Operations Research in Agriculture and the Agri-Food Industry. Springer, New York, NY, pp 107–127

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Population Ecology.

Blog post

Davis J (2016) Maternal Deaths Worldwide Have Almost Halved In 25 Years. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/maternal-deaths-worldwide-have-almost-halved-in-25-years/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2008) Transportation Safety: Medical Certification and Background Check Requirements for Pilots, Vessel Masters, and Commercial Drivers Vary. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mayberry DS (2017) Total Relaxation Center, LLC. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M (1992) THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Democrats; Clinton Says Bush Is Afraid Of Debating “Man to Man.” New York Times 16

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hede 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Hartley and Behringer 2003; Hede 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hartley and Behringer 2003)
Three or more authors: (Li et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Population Ecology
Abbreviation	Popul. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	1438-3896
ISSN (online)	1438-390X
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics