How to format your references using the Polar Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Polar Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chambers RG (2004) Obituary: David Shoenberg (1911-2004). Nature 428:613

A journal article with 2 authors

Johnson GL, Lapadat R (2002) Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science 298:1911–1912

A journal article with 3 authors

Freitas R, Zhang G, Cohn MJ (2006) Evidence that mechanisms of fin development evolved in the midline of early vertebrates. Nature 442:1033–1037

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Knesel KM, Cohen BE, Vasconcelos PM, Thiede DS (2008) Rapid change in drift of the Australian plate records collision with Ontong Java plateau. Nature 454:754–757

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Elias H-G (2006) Macromolecules. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69451 Weinheim, Germany

An edited book

Mario H (2013) Integrated Computer-Aided Design in Automotive Development: Development Processes, Geometric Fundamentals, Methods of CAD, Knowledge-Based Engineering Data Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Camacho FA (2008) Macroalgal and Cyanobacterial Chemical Defenses in Freshwater Communities. In: Amsler CD (ed) Algal Chemical Ecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 105–119

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Polar Biology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J (2016) Stop What You’re Doing And Watch These Glorious Ultra-HD Videos Of Earth From Space. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/stop-what-you-re-doing-and-watch-these-glorious-ultra-hd-videos-earth-space/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1999) Aviation Competition: Effects on Consumers from Domestic Airline Alliances Vary. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Solano EA (2012) Hindemith’s Sonata for Viola, ope 11, no.4 A compositional and historical perspective. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt) SK (2004) World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Compensation For Theater Siege. New York Times A6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Chambers 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Johnson and Lapadat 2002; Chambers 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Johnson and Lapadat 2002)
Three or more authors: (Knesel et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Polar Biology
Abbreviation	Polar Biol.
ISSN (print)	0722-4060
ISSN (online)	1432-2056
Scope	General Agricultural and Biological Sciences