How to format your references using the Polar Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Polar Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

John JL (2009) The future of saving our past. Nature 459:775–776

A journal article with 2 authors

Martin CR, Siwy ZS (2007) Chemistry. Learning nature’s way: biosensing with synthetic nanopores. Science 317:331–332

A journal article with 3 authors

Carlson ME, Hsu M, Conboy IM (2008) Imbalance between pSmad3 and Notch induces CDK inhibitors in old muscle stem cells. Nature 454:528–532

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Büntgen U, Tegel W, Nicolussi K, et al (2011) 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science 331:578–582

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Middleton D (2012) Non-Gaussian Statistical Communication Theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Kaskutas LA, Galanter M (eds) (2008) Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Research on Alcoholics Anonymous and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery. Springer, New York, NY

A chapter in an edited book

Dinh TN, Shin I, Thai NK, et al (2010) A General Approach for Modules Identification in Evolving Networks. In: Hirsch MJ, Pardalos PM, Murphey R (eds) Dynamics of Information Systems: Theory and Applications. Springer, New York, NY, pp 83–100

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Polar Biology.

Blog post

Hale T (2017) The USSR Tried To Cover Up One Of The World’s Deadliest Nuclear Fallout Sites. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/the-ussr-tried-to-cover-up-one-of-the-worlds-deadliest-nuclear-fallout-sites-/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1986) Implementation of the Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Atchley D (2009) Interventions, perceptions of accommodations, and motivating factors impacting the achievement and successful mainstreaming transition of English language learners. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B (2016) ‘Hamilton Mixtape’ No. 1 on Chart. New York Times C3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (John 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Martin and Siwy 2007; John 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Martin and Siwy 2007)
Three or more authors: (Büntgen et al. 2011)

About the journal

Full journal title	Polar Biology
Abbreviation	Polar Biol.
ISSN (print)	0722-4060
ISSN (online)	1432-2056
Scope	General Agricultural and Biological Sciences