How to format your references using the Phytopathologia Mediterranea citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Phytopathologia Mediterranea. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Liu J., 2015. Disease outbreak: Finish the fight against Ebola. Nature 524: 27–29.

A journal article with 2 authors

Zhang W., Luck S.J., 2008. Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature 453: 233–235.

A journal article with 3 authors

Arakawa H., Hauschild J., Buerstedde J.-M., 2002. Requirement of the activation-induced deaminase (AID) gene for immunoglobulin gene conversion. Science (New York, N.Y.) 295: 1301–1306.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Qin N., Tan X., Jiao Y., Liu L., Zhao W., … Jia A., 2014. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibition by ursolic acid and resveratrol. Scientific reports 4: 5467.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Keiser G., 2006. FTTX Concepts and Applications. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Kohl C.-D., Wagner T. (eds), 2014. Gas Sensing Fundamentals. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, IX, 342 p. 156 illus., 51 illus. in color p.

A chapter in an edited book

Graves N., Jarvis W., Halton K., 2009. Changes Arising from the Adoption of Infection Control Programs. In: Economics and Preventing Healthcare Acquired Infection (K. Halton and W. Jarvis, eds.), New York, NY, Springer, 67–75.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Phytopathologia Mediterranea.

Blog post

Andrew D., 2015. How Claw Machines Are Rigged. IFLScience, IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/claw-machines-are-rigged-obviously/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2016. GAO Technology Readiness Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Evaluating the Readiness of Technology for Use in Acquisition Programs and Projects--Exposure Draft. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Walker M., 2009. Industry - higher education partnerships: A case study analysis of learning together. Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M., 1993. After Waco’s Inferno, an Inquisition That Insists on Rational Answers. New York Times, 25 April, page 43.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Liu, 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Zhang and Luck, 2008; Liu, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Zhang and Luck, 2008)
Three or more authors: (Qin et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Phytopathologia Mediterranea
ISSN (print)	0031-9465
ISSN (online)	1593-2095
Scope