How to format your references using the Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery (PHOTOB). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Futuyma DJ. Retrospective. Robert R. Sokal (1926-2012). Science 2012;336(6083):816.

A journal article with 2 authors

Premkumar LS, Ahern GP. Induction of vanilloid receptor channel activity by protein kinase C. Nature 2000;408(6815):985–990.

A journal article with 3 authors

Azuma S, Katayama I, Nakakuki T. Rheological decoupling at the Moho and implication to Venusian tectonics. Sci Rep 2014;4:4403.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Tiberkevich VS, Khymyn RS, Tang HX, et al. Sensitivity to external signals and synchronization properties of a non-isochronous auto-oscillator with delayed feedback. Sci Rep 2014;4:3873.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hanzo L, Liew TH, Yeap BL. Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalisation and Space-Time Coding. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK; 2005.

An edited book

Wilson EJ, Hair JF Jr, (eds). Proceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Ramsbrock D, Wang X, Jiang X. A First Step towards Live Botmaster Traceback. In: Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection: 11th International Symposium, RAID 2008, Cambridge, MA, USA, September 15-17, 2008. Proceedings. (Lippmann R, Kirda E, Trachtenberg A. eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg; 2008; pp. 59–77.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery.

Blog post

Luntz S. Playing Around Doesn’t Make Male Chimpanzees Bad Fathers. IFLScience; 2016. [Last accessed: 10/30/2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federal Agencies’ Contracting for Research and Development in the Private, Profitmaking Sector. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC; 1977.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Smith C. The Affect of Acculturation on Obesity among Foreign-Born Asians Residing in the United States. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO. Friday File. New York Times 2014;C31.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery
ISSN (print)	1549-5418
ISSN (online)	2578-5478
Scope