How to format your references using the Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Eisenstein M. Medicine: Eyes on the target. Nature. 2015;527:S110-2.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Ortega-Jimenez VM, Dudley R. Spiderweb deformation induced by electrostatically charged insects. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2108.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Suma K, Sumiyoshi Y, Endo Y. The rotational spectrum of the water-hydroperoxy radical (H2O-HO2) complex. Science. 2006;311:1278–81.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Vukusic P, Sambles JR, Lawrence CR, Wootton RJ. Structural colour. Now you see it--now you don’t. Nature. 2001;410:36.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Botsai E, Kaneshiro C, Cuccia P, Pajo H. The Architect’s Guide to Preventing Water Infiltration. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Potter PE. Mud and Mudstones: Introduction and Overview. Maynard JB, Depetris PJ, editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Sivaraman KR, Allemann N. Anterior Segment Considerations in Boston Type I Keratoprosthesis. In: Cortina MS, de la Cruz J, editors. Keratoprostheses and Artificial Corneas: Fundamentals and Surgical Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2015. p. 27–33.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine.

Blog post

1. Davis J. The Extraordinary Life Of Koko: The Gorilla Who Talks. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. The Federal Role in Merchant Marine Officer Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977 Jun. Report No.: FPCD-77-44.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Mavromati A. One Foot In [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Crow K. Where “You Have a Hole in One” Doesn’t Mean You Have a Cavity. New York Times. 2000 Aug 20;145.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
Abbreviation	Philos. Ethics Humanit. Med.
ISSN (online)	1747-5341
Scope	History and Philosophy of Science General Medicine Health Policy Issues, ethics and legal aspects