How to format your references using the Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Boulton G. Open your minds and share your results. Nature. 2012;486:441.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Dietrich WE, Perron JT. The search for a topographic signature of life. Nature. 2006;439:411–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Nemecek JC, Wüthrich M, Klein BS. Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Science. 2006;312:583–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Abujarour R, Valamehr B, Robinson M, Rezner B, Vranceanu F, Flynn P. Optimized surface markers for the prospective isolation of high-quality hiPSCs using flow cytometry selection. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1179.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Hens HSLC. Performance Based Building Design 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2012.

An edited book

1. Di Stefano R, Ramón Solans FJ, editors. Marian Devotions, Political Mobilization, and Nationalism in Europe and America. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Lehavi A. Residential Communities in a Heterogeneous Society: The Case of Israel. In: Lehavi A, editor. Private Communities and Urban Governance: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 95–125.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine.

Blog post

1. Luntz S. Towers Produce Clean Drinking Water From Thin Air. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Statistics on Congressional Reporting Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978 Jul. Report No.: PAD-78-76.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Chirwa KU. Encumbered Existence: A Three Movement Work for Jazz Orchestra [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Ember S. An Era’s End. New York Times. 2017 Sep 18;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
Abbreviation	Philos. Ethics Humanit. Med.
ISSN (online)	1747-5341
Scope	History and Philosophy of Science General Medicine Health Policy Issues, ethics and legal aspects