How to format your references using the Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Gewin V. Biologist aims to ease the pain for entrepreneurs. Nature. 2006;440:738–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature. 2012;489:242–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Bettencourt LMA, Samaniego H, Youn H. Professional diversity and the productivity of cities. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5393.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Parks JJ, Champagne AR, Costi TA, Shum WW, Pasupathy AN, Neuscamman E, et al. Mechanical control of spin states in spin-1 molecules and the underscreened Kondo effect. Science. 2010;328:1370–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Liu H, Li G. OFDM-Based Broadband Wireless Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

An edited book

1. Rodríguez Vilamitjana E. Chaos in Switching Converters for Power Management: Designing for Prediction and Control. El Aroudi A, Alarcón E, editors. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Abdelgawad A, Bayoumi M. Proposed Distributed Kalman Filter. In: Bayoumi M, editor. Resource-Aware Data Fusion Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2012. p. 77–90.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine.

Blog post

1. Taub B. Indian Woman In Her Seventies Gives Birth To First Child. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Civil Agency Aircraft: Agencies’ Use of Certain Aircraft to Transport Passengers. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988 Aug. Report No.: GGD-88-92BR.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Reese NE. The Ecomorphology of White-tailed Deer Lower Limb Bones Through the Holocene in Central North America [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Otis J. Cancer Patient Is Hoping to Get Back to the Kitchen. New York Times. 2016 Dec 18;A18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
Abbreviation	Philos. Ethics Humanit. Med.
ISSN (online)	1747-5341
Scope	History and Philosophy of Science General Medicine Health Policy Issues, ethics and legal aspects