How to format your references using the Philosophies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Philosophies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chin, J.W. Journal Club. A Molecular Biologist Gets Excited about Making Designer Proteins in Cells. Nature 2009, 457, 239.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cazenave, A.; Nerem, R.S. Geophysics. Redistributing Earth’s Mass. Science 2002, 297, 783–784.

A journal article with 3 authors

Vielle-Calzada, J.P.; Baskar, R.; Grossniklaus, U. Delayed Activation of the Paternal Genome during Seed Development. Nature 2000, 404, 91–94.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Shimoyama, T.; Kato, S.; Ishii, S.; Watanabe, K. Flagellum Mediates Symbiosis. Science 2009, 323, 1574.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ezra, D.; Collie, B.; Smith, M.X. The Retirement Plan Solution; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2009; ISBN 9781118266878.

An edited book

Analog Circuit Design: Smart Data Converters, Filters on Chip, Multimode Transmitters; Roermund, A.H.M., Casier, H., Steyaert, M., Eds.; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2010; ISBN 9789048130825.

A chapter in an edited book

Beziau, J.-Y. Two Genuine 3-Valued Paraconsistent Logics. In Towards Paraconsistent Engineering; Akama, S., Ed.; Intelligent Systems Reference Library; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp. 35–47 ISBN 9783319404172.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Philosophies.

Blog post

Fang, J. How Ethiopian Highlanders Adapted To Their Low Oxygen Conditions (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office HUD Information Systems: Improved Management Practices Needed to Control Integration Cost and Schedule; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1998;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rodriguez, P.J. “Stepping Stones”: Empowering Mental Health Patients through Connections with Significant Others: A Grant Proposal. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L. Roberts Dissent Reveals Strain Beneath Court’s Placid Surface. New York Times 2006, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Philosophies
ISSN (online)	2409-9287
Scope