How to format your references using the Philosophical Explorations citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Philosophical Explorations. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hurles, Matthew. 2002. “Are 100,000 ‘SNPs’ Useless?” Science (New York, N.Y.) 298 (5598): 1509; author reply 1509.

A journal article with 2 authors

Reichhardt, C. J. Olson, and L. M. Lopatina. 2009. “Materials Science. A Ball-and-Chain Polymer Model.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 326 (5951): 374–375.

A journal article with 3 authors

Meyer zu Heringdorf, F. J., M. C. Reuter, and R. M. Tromp. 2001. “Growth Dynamics of Pentacene Thin Films.” Nature 412 (6846): 517–520.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Morris, May C., Peter Kaiser, Stanislav Rudyak, Chris Baskerville, Mark H. Watson, and Steven I. Reed. 2003. “Cks1-Dependent Proteasome Recruitment and Activation of CDC20 Transcription in Budding Yeast.” Nature 423 (6943): 1009–1013.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Likhtenshtein, Gertz. 2012. Solar Energy Conversion. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Cialdea, Alberto. 2014. Semi-Bounded Partial Differential Operators. Edited by Vladimir Maz’ya. Vol. 243. Operator Theory: Advances and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Alvim, Mário S., Miguel E. Andrés, Catuscia Palamidessi, and Peter van Rossum. 2010. “Safe Equivalences for Security Properties.” In Theoretical Computer Science: 6th IFIP TC 1/WG 2.2 International Conference, TCS 2010, Held as Part of WCC 2010, Brisbane, Australia, September 20-23, 2010. Proceedings, edited by Cristian S. Calude and Vladimiro Sassone, 55–70. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Philosophical Explorations.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2014. “Smart Artificial Skin Could Give Prosthetic Limbs Feeling.” IFLScience, IFLScience, December 10.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1985. Survey of Small Businesses’ Reactions to Changes in the Costs of Telephone Service. RCED-85-106. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McKelvey, Diane Mcjury. 2008. “Relationships between Attitudes of School-Based Administrators and Inclusion Practices of Students with Autism/Asperger’s Syndrome.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Dorman, John L. 2016. “Hot Steaks With a Cool Vibe.” New York Times, November 11, 2016.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hurles 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Hurles 2002; Reichhardt and Lopatina 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Reichhardt and Lopatina 2009)
Three authors: (Meyer zu Heringdorf, Reuter, and Tromp 2001)
4 or more authors: (Morris et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Philosophical Explorations
Abbreviation	Philos. Explor.
ISSN (print)	1386-9795
ISSN (online)	1741-5918
Scope	Philosophy