How to format your references using the Philosophical Explorations citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Philosophical Explorations. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Deweerdt, Sarah. 2011. “Prevention: Activity Is the Best Medicine.” Nature 475 (7355): S16-7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Destexhe, Alain, and Diego Contreras. 2006. “Neuronal Computations with Stochastic Network States.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 314 (5796): 85–90.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bell, E., L. Rowen, and L. Hood. 2000. “Publication Rights for Sequence Data Producers.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 290 (5497): 1696b–1698b.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Stingl, John, Peter Eirew, Ian Ricketson, Mark Shackleton, François Vaillant, David Choi, Haiyan I. Li, and Connie J. Eaves. 2006. “Purification and Unique Properties of Mammary Epithelial Stem Cells.” Nature 439 (7079): 993–997.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bachmann, Hubert, Alfred Steinle, and Volker Hahn. 2010. Bauen Mit Betonfertigteilen Im Hochbau. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Elmqvist, Thomas, Michail Fragkias, Julie Goodness, Burak Güneralp, Peter J. Marcotullio, Robert I. McDonald, Susan Parnell, et al., eds. 2013. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Luu, Alice, Brian C. Foster, Kristina L. McIntyre, Teresa W. Tam, and John T. Arnason. 2011. “Pharmacogenetics in Potential Herb–Drug Interactions: Effects of Ginseng on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 Allelic Variants.” In The Biological Activity of Phytochemicals, edited by David R. Gang, 59–65. New York, NY: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Philosophical Explorations.

Blog post

Davis, Josh. 2015. “Conservationists to Engrave Every Critically Endangered Ploughshare Tortoise.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/conservationists-engrave-every-critically-endangered-ploughshare-tortoise/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1980. Need To Ensure Nondiscrimination in CETA Programs. HRD-80-75. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zaghdoun, Eva. 2009. “Entre Lettres et Portraits: Madame Du Deffand, Auteur?” Doctoral dissertation, College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Lanchester, John. 2017. “The Major Blind Spots in Macroeconomics.” New York Times, February 7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Deweerdt 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Deweerdt 2011; Destexhe and Contreras 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Destexhe and Contreras 2006)
Three authors: (Bell, Rowen, and Hood 2000)
4 or more authors: (Stingl et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Philosophical Explorations
Abbreviation	Philos. Explor.
ISSN (print)	1386-9795
ISSN (online)	1741-5918
Scope	Philosophy