How to format your references using the Pharmacology and Therapeutics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmacology and Therapeutics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Junge, C. (2011). Morbidity: A personal response. Nature, 480(7376), S14-5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Weaver, B. A. A., & Cleveland, D. W. (2007). Comment on “A centrosome-independent role for gamma-TuRC proteins in the spindle assembly checkpoint.” Science (New York, N.Y.), 316(5827), 982; author reply 982.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lowman, M., D’Avanzo, C., & Brewer, C. (2009). Ecology. A national ecological network for research and education. Science (New York, N.Y.), 323(5918), 1172–1173.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Xiao, Y., Zhou, G., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., & Liu, S. (2014). Increasing active biomass carbon may lead to a breakdown of mature forest equilibrium. Scientific Reports, 4, 3681.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Martinelli, R. J., & Milosevic, D. Z. (2015). Project Management ToolBox. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Pánek, T., & Hradecký, J. (Eds.). (2016). Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic (1st ed. 2016). Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Ruiz, E. L., Izquierdo, C. E., Batista, B. M., & Moreno-Vega, J. M. (2013). A Metaheuristic Approach for the Seaside Operations in Maritime Container Terminals. In I. Rojas, G. Joya, & J. Cabestany (Eds.), Advances in Computational Intelligence: 12th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, IWANN 2013, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, June 12-14, 2013, Proceedings, Part II (pp. 28–35). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

Blog post

Taub, B. (2016, June 1). Opioid Painkillers May Actually Make You More Sensitive To Pain. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/opioid-painkillers-may-actually-make-you-more-sensitive-pain/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Traffic Congestion: Road Pricing Can Help Reduce Congestion, but Equity Concerns May Grow (GAO-12-119). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Yudell, M. (2008). Making race: Biology and the evolution of the race concept in 20th century American thought [Doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L. (2009, January 9). The Chief Justice on the Spot. New York Times, A27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Junge, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Junge, 2011; Weaver & Cleveland, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Weaver & Cleveland, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Xiao et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Abbreviation	Pharmacol. Ther.
ISSN (print)	0163-7258
Scope	Pharmacology (medical) Pharmacology