How to format your references using the Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Spiegel FW. Evolution. Contemplating the first Plantae. Science 2012; 335: 809–810.

A journal article with 2 authors

Draine BT, Ostriker JP. Obituary: Bohdan Paczyński (1940-2007). Nature 2007; 447: 1065.

A journal article with 3 authors

Fowler JH, Johnson T, Smirnov O. Human behaviour: Egalitarian motive and altruistic punishment. Nature 2005; 433: 1 p following 32; discussion following 32.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Tahirov TH, Temiakov D, Anikin M, et al. Structure of a T7 RNA polymerase elongation complex at 2.9 A resolution. Nature 2002; 420: 43–50.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cauvin C, Escobar F, Serradj A. New Approaches in Thematic Cartography. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

An edited book

Ebrahimipour V, Yacout S (eds.). Ontology Modeling in Physical Asset Integrity Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Keogh E. Recent Advances in Mining Time Series Data. In: Jorge AM, Torgo L, Brazdil P, Camacho R, Gama J (eds.) Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2005: 9th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Porto, Portugal, October 3-7, 2005. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2005; 6–6.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.

Blog post

Luntz S. Ebola Vaccine Passes First Human Trial. IFLScience 2014. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/ebola-vaccine-passes-first-human-trial/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Strategic Sourcing: Opportunities Exist to Better Manage Information Technology Services Spending. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Russo DA. Cancer: Modeling the distribution of sizes of detectable metastases. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. Uncertainty in Courthouse Fogs the View at the Stadium. New York Times. August 20, 2011:D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Abbreviation	Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.
ISSN (print)	1053-8569
ISSN (online)	1099-1557
Scope	Epidemiology Pharmacology (medical)