How to format your references using the Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gavaghan H. Making moves to redress the gender imbalance. Nature 2000; 405: 715–716.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gann A, Witkowski J. The lost correspondence of Francis Crick. Nature 2010; 467: 519–524.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bourgeois C, Rocha B, Tanchot C. A role for CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells in the generation of CD8+ T cell memory. Science 2002; 297: 2060–2063.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Choi M, Na K, Kim J, Sakamoto Y, Terasaki O, Ryoo R. Stable single-unit-cell nanosheets of zeolite MFI as active and long-lived catalysts. Nature 2009; 461: 246–249.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cook HF. The Protection and Conservation of Water Resources. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017.

An edited book

de Souza FL, Leite ER (eds.). Nanoenergy: Nanotechnology Applied for Energy Production. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Rothblum ED. An Overview of Same-Sex Couples in Relation Ships: A Research Area Still at Sea. In: Hope DA (ed.) Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. New York, NY: Springer, 2009; 113–139.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.

Blog post

Andrews R. Germany Just Produced So Much Renewable Energy That It Had To Pay People To Use It. IFLScience 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/germany-just-produced-so-much-renewable-energy-it-had-pay-people-use-it/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: Systematic Planning Needed to Optimize the Deployment of Checked Baggage Screening Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ma D. Acyclic congeners of Cucurbit[n]uril and a related mechanistic study on the Cucurbit[n]uril forming reaction. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. For Nathan and Matthew’s Fans, Broken Hearts on Broadway. New York Times. March 17, 2002:144.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Abbreviation	Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.
ISSN (print)	1053-8569
ISSN (online)	1099-1557
Scope	Epidemiology Pharmacology (medical)