How to format your references using the Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Klemperer W. Astronomy. The complex story of H2. Science 2001; 293: 815–816.

A journal article with 2 authors

Szalay A, Gray J. 2020 computing: science in an exponential world. Nature 2006; 440: 413–414.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ash C, Foley J, Pennisi E. Microbial ecology. Lost in microbial space. Special section introduction. Science 2008; 320: 1027.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Wang X, Rodrigues T, Jiang S, Cheng X, Kellner AWA. An Early Cretaceous pterosaur with an unusual mandibular crest from China and a potential novel feeding strategy. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 6329.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Passarelli D. Trading Options Greeks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.

An edited book

Török P. Optical Imaging and Microscopy: Techniques and Advanced Systems. 2nd ed. (Kao F-J (ed.)). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Ruiji C, Leiming Y. Microbiota and Microbial Mats within Ancient Stromatolites in South China. In: Tewari V, Seckbach J (eds.) STROMATOLITES: Interaction of Microbes with Sediments. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011; 65–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.

Blog post

Luntz S. Smackdown! Venomous Fish Deal Drugs On Coral Reefs. IFLScience 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/smackdown-venomous-fish-deal-drugs-on-coral-reefs/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Digests of Unpublished Decisions of the Comptroller General, Vol. II, No. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

DeLima LE. Implementing an Innovative Educational Program in an Era of Accountability: An Interview Study of the Expeditionary Learning Program. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. Rangers Fans Had Something to Prove. New York Times. April 21, 2011:B15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Abbreviation	Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.
ISSN (print)	1053-8569
ISSN (online)	1099-1557
Scope	Epidemiology Pharmacology (medical)