How to format your references using the Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Yablokov A. Academy “reform” is stifling Russian science. Nature 2014; 511: 7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nadeau RM, McEvilly TV. Periodic pulsing of characteristic microearthquakes on the San Andreas fault. Science 2004; 303: 220–222.

A journal article with 3 authors

Goldman YE, Franzini-Armstrong C, Armstrong CM. Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-2012). Nature 2012; 486: 474.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nerin C, Ubeda JL, Alfaro P, et al. Compounds from multilayer plastic bags cause reproductive failures in artificial insemination. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 4913.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McGrath AE. Luther’s Theology of the Cross. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

An edited book

Bernhaupt R (ed.). Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concepts and Methods. London: Springer, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

Yu K, Zhou Y, Li D, Zhang Z, Huang K. A Large-Scale Distributed Video Parsing and Evaluation Platform. In: Zhang Z, Huang K (eds.) Intelligent Visual Surveillance: 4th Chinese Conference, IVS 2016, Beijing, China, October 19, 2016, Proceedings. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Singapore: Springer, 2016; 37–43.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.

Blog post

Hamilton K. Marijuana Extract Reduces Seizures In Kids With Severe Epilepsy. IFLScience 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/marijuana-extract-reduces-seizures-in-kids-with-severe-epilepsy/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Seclusions and Restraints: Selected Cases of Death and Abuse at Public and Private Schools and Treatment Centers. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Moua P. Differential functions of the kinesin-1 tail in Drosophila melanogaster transport processes. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Lehman Bros. Grapples With Arts Zoning Rules. New York Times. January 6, 2002:144.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Abbreviation	Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.
ISSN (print)	1053-8569
ISSN (online)	1099-1557
Scope	Epidemiology Pharmacology (medical)