How to format your references using the PharmacoEconomics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PharmacoEconomics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Crowe JE Jr. Immunology. Crowdsourcing immunity. Science. 2013;340:692–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Polka JK, Krukenberg KA. Making science a desirable career. Science. 2014;346:1422.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Heiling AM, Herberstein ME, Chittka L. Pollinator attraction: Crab-spiders manipulate flower signals. Nature. 2003;421:334.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Lin J-F, Sturhahn W, Zhao J, Shen G, Mao H-K, Hemley RJ. Sound velocities of hot dense iron: Birch’s law revisited. Science. 2005;308:1892–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Graham C. Markov Chains: Analytic and Monte Carlo Computations. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

1. Patt YN, Foglia P, Duesterwald E, Faraboschi P, Martorell X, editors. High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers: 5th International Conference, HiPEAC 2010, Pisa, Italy, January 25-27, 2010. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Baker RSJD, Habgood MPJ, Ainsworth SE, Corbett AT. Modeling the Acquisition of Fluent Skill in Educational Action Games. In: Conati C, McCoy K, Paliouras G, editors. User Modeling 2007: 11th International Conference, UM 2007, Corfu, Greece, July 25-29, 2007 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p. 17–26.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PharmacoEconomics.

Blog post

1. Fang J. How A Drop of Seawater on Graphene Generates Electricity. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. FAA Financing: Issues and Options in Deciding to Reinstate or Replace the Airline Ticket Tax. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997 Feb. Report No.: T-RCED-97-56.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Lee CM. Principals’ Understanding of Teacher Evaluations Connected to the Colorado Student Assessment Program [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Powell M. Hopeful Talk and Lessons Learned (or Maybe Not). New York Times. 2017 Jul 18;B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	PharmacoEconomics
Abbreviation	Pharmacoeconomics
ISSN (print)	1170-7690
ISSN (online)	1179-2027
Scope	Health Policy Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Pharmacology