How to format your references using the Pharmaceutical Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmaceutical Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Young OR. Governance: A peaceful Arctic. Nature. 2011;478:180–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Pedraza JM, Paulsson J. Effects of molecular memory and bursting on fluctuations in gene expression. Science. 2008;319:339–43.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Scherer E, Munker C, Mezger K. Calibration of the lutetium-hafnium clock. Science. 2001;293:683–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Ishida N, Byrnes T, Nori F, Yamamoto Y. Photoluminescence of a microcavity quantum dot system in the quantum strong-coupling regime. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1180.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Wesche R. Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

1. Badica C, Mangioni G, Carchiolo V, Burdescu DD, editors. Intelligent Distributed Computing, Systems and Applications: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Intelligent Distributed Computing – IDC 2008, Catania, Italy, 2008. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Warnecke T, Dohrmann P, Jürgens A, Rausch A, Pinkwart N. Collaborative Learning through Cooperative Design Using a Multitouch Table. In: Luo Y, editor. Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 8th International Conference, CDVE 2011, Hong Kong, China, September 11-14, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 22–9.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmaceutical Research.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Scientists Forced To Abandon Antarctic Lab For Winter Due To Growing Ice Crack. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. NATO-Warsaw Pact: Conventional Force Balance--Papers for U.S. and Soviet Perspectives Workshops. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988 Dec. Report No.: NSIAD-89-23B.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Tse J. An explication of the Hilbert basis theorem and its relation to school mathematics [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Loomis G. Baroque Opera at the Ambronay Festival. New York Times. 2012 Oct 2;0.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmaceutical Research
Abbreviation	Pharm. Res.
ISSN (print)	0724-8741
ISSN (online)	1573-904X
Scope	Biotechnology Molecular Medicine Organic Chemistry Pharmacology (medical) Pharmaceutical Science Pharmacology