How to format your references using the Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Berthoud H-R. Medicine. Why does gastric bypass surgery work? Science. 341(6144), 351–352 (2013).

A journal article with 2 authors

Shen B, Goodman HM. Uridine addition after microRNA-directed cleavage. Science. 306(5698), 997 (2004).

A journal article with 3 authors

Fabiańska J, Kassier G, Feurer T. Split ring resonator based THz-driven electron streak camera featuring femtosecond resolution. Sci. Rep. 4, 5645 (2014).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Doyle MR, Davis SJ, Bastow RM, et al. The ELF4 gene controls circadian rhythms and flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 419(6902), 74–77 (2002).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chase CW Jr. Demand-Driven Forecasting. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Quarteroni A. Scientific Computing with MATLAB and Octave: Second Edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Vail A. Protestant Nonconformists: Providers of Educational and Social Services. In: Alternatives to State-Socialism in Britain: Other Worlds of Labour in the Twentieth Century. Ackers P, Reid AJ (Eds.), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 121–150 (2016).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst.

Blog post

Davis J. Gut Bacteria Found In African Apes Perfectly Match Our Evolutionary Relationships. IFLScience (2016).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Data Center Consolidation: Agencies Making Progress on Efforts, but Inventories and Plans Need to Be Completed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dhokar A. LabVIEW based simulation and animation for the vibration control of active mass damper. (2015).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B. Bob Dylan Responds, Elliptically, to His Nobel Prize After a Two-Week Silence. New York Times, A14 (2016).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst
Abbreviation	Pharm. Pat. Anal.
ISSN (print)	2046-8954
ISSN (online)	2046-8962
Scope	General Medicine