How to format your references using the Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Slonczewski J. Tuberculosis bacteria join UN. Nature. 405(6790), 1001 (2000).

A journal article with 2 authors

Purnell BA, Hines PJ. Steps to the clinic. Stem cells. Introduction. Science. 324(5935), 1661 (2009).

A journal article with 3 authors

Chen R-P, Chew K-H, He S. Dynamic control of collapse in a vortex Airy beam. Sci. Rep. 3, 1406 (2013).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Sakuma T, Nishikawa A, Kume S, Chayama K, Yamamoto T. Multiplex genome engineering in human cells using all-in-one CRISPR/Cas9 vector system. Sci. Rep. 4, 5400 (2014).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cunningham V. Victorian Poetry Now. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

McKeown S, Haji R, Ferguson N, editors. Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory: Contemporary Global Perspectives. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Barneva RP, Brimkov VE. Digital Geometry and Its Applications to Medical Imaging. In: Advances in Computational Vision and Medical Image Processing: Methods and Applications. Tavares JMRS, Jorge RMN (Eds.), Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 77–92 (2009).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst.

Blog post

Andrews R. We Finally Know When One Of The Most Explosive Eruptions Ever Took Place. IFLScience (2017).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Management Issues at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Stanfill DL. Teacher perception of the alignment of enhancing Missouri’s Instructional Networked Teaching Strategies (eMINTS) with the National Staff Development Council (NSDC) Standards. (2010).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B. Keeping the Dream Kickin’. New York Times, C1 (2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst
Abbreviation	Pharm. Pat. Anal.
ISSN (print)	2046-8954
ISSN (online)	2046-8962
Scope	General Medicine