How to format your references using the Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Baker, S., 2011. Genomic medicine has failed the poor. Nature 478, 287.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bonadonna, F., Nevitt, G.A., 2004. Partner-specific odor recognition in an Antarctic seabird. Science 306, 835.

A journal article with 3 authors

De Moraes, C.M., Mescher, M.C., Tumlinson, J.H., 2001. Caterpillar-induced nocturnal plant volatiles repel conspecific females. Nature 410, 577–580.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Real, R., Peter, M., Trabalza, A., Khan, S., Smith, M.A., Dopp, J., Barnes, S.J., Momoh, A., Strano, A., Volpi, E., Knott, G., Livesey, F.J., De Paola, V., 2018. In vivo modeling of human neuron dynamics and Down syndrome. Science 362.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Vaseghi, S.V., 2001. Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Welsh, C.J., Meagher, M.W., Sternberg, E.M. (Eds.), 2006. Neural and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Host Defense and Autoimmunity. Springer US, Boston, MA.

A chapter in an edited book

Fokoue, A., Srivatsa, M., Young, R., 2011. Trust-Based Probabilistic Query Answering, in: Bouguettaya, A., Hauswirth, M., Liu, L. (Eds.), Web Information System Engineering – WISE 2011: 12th International Conference, Sydney, Australia, October 13-14, 2011. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 57–71.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2016. Researchers Trace The Mutations That May Have Led To The Zika Outbreak In Brazil [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/researchers-trace-the-mutations-that-may-have-led-to-the-zika-outbreak-in-brazil/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2008. Nanotechnology: Accuracy of Data on Federally Funded Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Could Be Improved (No. GAO-08-709T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bono, S., 2013. Perceptions of Psychological Abuse and the Impact of Blame and Gender Role Beliefs (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Qiu, L., 2017. What He Said She Said, and a Disquisition About Disclosures. New York Times A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Baker, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Baker, 2011; Bonadonna and Nevitt, 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Bonadonna and Nevitt, 2004)
Three or more authors: (Real et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation
Abbreviation	Perspect. Ecol. Conserv.
ISSN (print)	2530-0644
Scope