How to format your references using the Personality and Individual Differences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Personality and Individual Differences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marcus, G. F. (2004). Before the word. Nature, 431(7010), 745.

A journal article with 2 authors

Papasaikas, P., & Valcárcel, J. (2012). Evolution. Splicing in 4D. Science (New York, N.Y.), 338(6114), 1547–1548.

A journal article with 3 authors

Giovannoni, S., Temperton, B., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Giovannoni et al. reply. Nature, 499(7459), E4-5.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Tanner, L. H., Hubert, J. F., Coffey, B. P., & McInerney, D. P. (2001). Stability of atmospheric CO2 levels across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. Nature, 411(6838), 675–677.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

The Family Firm Institute, Inc. (2013). Family Enterprise. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Horie, Y. (Ed.). (2009). Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, Vol. 3: Solids II. Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Mereuta, O. M., Larsen, C. P., & Dogan, A. (2015). Leukocyte Cell-Derived Chemotaxin 2 Amyloidosis (ALECT2). In M. M. Picken, G. A. Herrera, & A. Dogan (Eds.), Amyloid and Related Disorders: Surgical Pathology and Clinical Correlations (pp. 55–63). Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Personality and Individual Differences.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, July 20). Watch As This Engineer Cranks Up A 20,000-Watt Light Bulb In His Backyard. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/watch-as-this-engineer-cranks-up-a-20000watt-light-bulb-in-his-backyard/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1991). Education’s Library: Actions Needed to Improve Its Usefulness (HRD-91-61). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cosma, A. C. (2019). Real-Time Individual Thermal Preferences Prediction Using Visual Sensors [Doctoral dissertation]. George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley, B. (2017, January 9). You Only Turn 40 One Time. New York Times, C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Marcus, 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Marcus, 2004; Papasaikas & Valcárcel, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Papasaikas & Valcárcel, 2012)
Three authors: (Giovannoni et al., 2013)
6 or more authors: (Tanner et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Personality and Individual Differences
Abbreviation	Pers. Individ. Dif.
ISSN (print)	0191-8869
Scope	General Psychology

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