How to format your references using the Personality and Individual Differences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Personality and Individual Differences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stahl, S. S. (2005). Chemistry. Palladium-catalyzed oxidation of organic chemicals with O2. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5742), 1824–1826.

A journal article with 2 authors

Surani, A., & Tischler, J. (2012). Stem cells: a sporadic super state. Nature, 487(7405), 43–45.

A journal article with 3 authors

Buehler, M. J., Abraham, F. F., & Gao, H. (2003). Hyperelasticity governs dynamic fracture at a critical length scale. Nature, 426(6963), 141–146.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Aoki, D., Huxley, A., Ressouche, E., Braithwaite, D., Flouquet, J., Brison, J. P., Lhotel, E., & Paulsen, C. (2001). Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in URhGe. Nature, 413(6856), 613–616.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Castañeda, L. B., Arunachalam, V., & Dharmaraja, S. (2012). Introduction to Probability and Stochastic Processes with Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Dill, K., Liu, R. H., & Grodzinski, P. (Eds.). (2009). Microarrays: Preparation, Microfluidics, Detection Methods, and Biological Applications. Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Sebag, J. (2014). Pathophysiology of the Aging Vitreous. In A. Girach & M. D. de Smet (Eds.), Diseases of the Vitreo-Macular Interface (pp. 29–42). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Personality and Individual Differences.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2015, November 2). You Probably Have Herpes. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/pretty-much-everybody-s-got-herpes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1995). Transportation and Telecommunications Issue Area: Active Assignments (AA-95-21(3)). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Le Blanc, J. D. (2017). Helping African American Middle School Students Transition to High School with the New Normal Project: A Grant Proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams, J. (2016, December 19). My Year in Reading. New York Times, BR4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Stahl, 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Stahl, 2005; Surani & Tischler, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Surani & Tischler, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Aoki et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Personality and Individual Differences
Abbreviation	Pers. Individ. Dif.
ISSN (print)	0191-8869
Scope	General Psychology