How to format your references using the Personality and Individual Differences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Personality and Individual Differences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Carthew, R. W. (2006). Molecular biology. A new RNA dimension to genome control. Science (New York, N.Y.), 313(5785), 305–306.

A journal article with 2 authors

Li, J., & Timko, M. P. (2009). Gene-for-gene resistance in Striga-cowpea associations. Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5944), 1094.

A journal article with 3 authors

Grey, M., Haggart, J. W., & Smith, P. L. (2008). Variation in evolutionary patterns across the geographic range of a fossil bivalve. Science (New York, N.Y.), 322(5905), 1238–1241.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Tenoever, B. R., Ng, S.-L., Chua, M. A., McWhirter, S. M., García-Sastre, A., & Maniatis, T. (2007). Multiple functions of the IKK-related kinase IKKepsilon in interferon-mediated antiviral immunity. Science (New York, N.Y.), 315(5816), 1274–1278.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Fisher, H. G., Forrest, H. S., Grossel, S. S., Huff, J. E., Muller, A. R., Noronha, J. A., Shaw, D. A., & Tilley, B. J. (1993). Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Dastani, M., Hübner, J. F., & Logan, B. (Eds.). (2013). Programming Multi-Agent Systems: 10th International Workshop, ProMAS 2012, Valencia, Spain, June 5, 2012, Revised Selected Papers (Vol. 7837). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Pollalis, C., Charalampou, P., & Sykas, E. (2016). Multipath TCP Proxy: Unshackling Network Nodes from Today’s End-to-End Connection Principle. In L. Mamatas, I. Matta, P. Papadimitriou, & Y. Koucheryavy (Eds.), Wired/Wireless Internet Communications: 14th IFIP WG 6.2 International Conference, WWIC 2016, Thessaloniki, Greece, May 25-27, 2016, Proceedings (pp. 55–65). Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Personality and Individual Differences.

Blog post

Andrew, D. (2016, October 29). Magma Power: How Superheated Molten Rock Could Provide Renewable Energy. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/magma-power-how-superheated-molten-rock-could-provide-renewable-energy/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Information Technology: SBA Needs to Strengthen Oversight of Its Loan Management and Accounting System Modernization (GAO-12-395T). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dasari, R. A. (2016). Automatic driving system by recognizing road signs using digital image processing [Doctoral dissertation]. California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Quain, J. R. (2017, May 4). A Turning Point For Plug-In Hybrids. New York Times, B4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Carthew, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Carthew, 2006; Li & Timko, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Li & Timko, 2009)
Three authors: (Grey et al., 2008)
6 or more authors: (Tenoever et al., 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Personality and Individual Differences
Abbreviation	Pers. Individ. Dif.
ISSN (print)	0191-8869
Scope	General Psychology