How to format your references using the Pattern Recognition citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pattern Recognition. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

R.D. Lorenz, Planetary science. Winds of change on Titan, Science 329 (2010) 519–520.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

M.P.H. Stumpf, M.A. Porter, Mathematics. Critical truths about power laws, Science 335 (2012) 665–666.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

U. Brose, R.J. Williams, N.D. Martinez, Comment on “Foraging adaptation and the relationship between food-web complexity and stability,” Science 301 (2003) 918; author reply 918.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

J. He, P.M.-L. Sinues, M. Hollmén, X. Li, M. Detmar, R. Zenobi, Fingerprinting breast cancer vs. normal mammary cells by mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 5196.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

U. Deichmann, Flüchten, Mitmachen, Vergessen, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, FRG, 2005.

An edited book

[1]

R.J. Delahay, G.C. Smith, M.R. Hutchings, eds., Management of Disease in Wild Mammals, Springer Japan, Tokyo, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Y. Didry, O. Parisot, T. Tamisier, Engineering Data Intensive Applications with Cadral, in: Y. Luo (Ed.), Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 12th International Conference, CDVE 2015, Mallorca, Spain, September 20-23, 2015. Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015: pp. 28–35.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pattern Recognition.

Blog post

[1]

A. Carpineti, NASA Unveils New Mars Spacesuits, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Johnson Space Center Procurement: Controls Over Payments to Contractors Should Be Strengthened, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

E.M. Nadeau, Baby Boomer Generation’s Knowledge of Alzheimer’s Disease, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M. Davey, Limits on Unions Pass in Michigan, Once a Mainstay, New York Times (2012) A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pattern Recognition
Abbreviation	Pattern Recognit.
ISSN (print)	0031-3203
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software