How to format your references using the Pattern Recognition citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pattern Recognition. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

D. Wojchowski, Eugene Goldwasser (1922-2010), Nature 470 (2011) 40.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

C.T. Bergstrom, B. Kerr, Microbiology: Taking the bad with the good, Nature 521 (2015) 431–432.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

R. Freitas, G. Zhang, M.J. Cohn, Evidence that mechanisms of fin development evolved in the midline of early vertebrates, Nature 442 (2006) 1033–1037.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

L. Cui, P. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Fang, Z. Zhang, M. Sun, Plasmon-driven dimerization via S-S chemical bond in an aqueous environment, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 7221.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

A. Hackshaw, How to Write a Grant Application, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

S. Hubbert, Spherical Radial Basis Functions, Theory and Applications, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

F. Bougares, M. Rouvier, N. Camelin, P. Deléglise, Y. Estève, An Investigation of Single-Pass ASR System Combination for Spoken Language Understanding, in: A.-H. Dediu, C. Martín-Vide, R. Mitkov, B. Truthe (Eds.), Statistical Language and Speech Processing: First International Conference, SLSP 2013, Tarragona, Spain, July 29-31, 2013. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013: pp. 62–70.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pattern Recognition.

Blog post

[1]

J. O`Callaghan, Scientists In Germany Just Switched On The World’s Largest “Artificial Sun,” IFLScience (2017). https://www.iflscience.com/technology/scientists-in-germany-switched-on-the-worlds-largest-artificial-sun/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Abstinence Education: Assessing the Accuracy and Effectiveness of Federally Funded Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

S. Kotch, Unduly harsh and unworkably rigid: The death penalty in North Carolina, 1910–1961, Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M. Cooper, With a Little Help From His Friends, New York Times (2017) C5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pattern Recognition
Abbreviation	Pattern Recognit.
ISSN (print)	0031-3203
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software