How to format your references using the Patient Safety in Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Patient Safety in Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Bardeen C. Electron transfer. Sometimes you can go home again. Science. 2001;293:444–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Inoue J, Ohno H. Physics. Taking the hall effect for a spin. Science. 2005;309:2004–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Booker JR, Favetto A, Pomposiello MC. Low electrical resistivity associated with plunging of the Nazca flat slab beneath Argentina. Nature. 2004;429:399–403.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Woehl TJ, Kashyap S, Firlar E, Perez-Gonzalez T, Faivre D, Trubitsyn D, et al. Correlative electron and fluorescence microscopy of magnetotactic bacteria in liquid: toward in vivo imaging. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6854.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Segura J, Hawkins CF. CMOS Electronics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

1. Agüero R, Zinner T, García-Lozano M, Wenning B-L, Timm-Giel A, editors. Mobile Networks and Management: 7th International Conference, MONAMI 2015, Santander, Spain, September 16-18, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Berthold MR. From Patterns to Discoveries. In: Gaber MM, editor. Journeys to Data Mining: Experiences from 15 Renowned Researchers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 43–9.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Patient Safety in Surgery.

Blog post

1. Evans K. Survey Off Alaska Discovers Multiple New Types of Deep Water-Dwelling Fish. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Los Angeles Red Line: Financing Decisions Could Affect This and Other Los Angeles County Rail Capital Projects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996 May. Report No.: RCED-96-147.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Parhad A. Energy scavenging using piezoelectric sensors to power in pavement intelligent vehicle detection systems [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Yeh J. A Mother. A Death. A Memoir. It’s Tricky. New York Times. 2017 Jun 12;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Patient Safety in Surgery
Abbreviation	Patient Saf. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1754-9493
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery