How to format your references using the Patient Safety in Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Patient Safety in Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Benford G. Where might it lead? Nature. 2001;414:399.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Gutnisky DA, Dragoi V. Adaptive coding of visual information in neural populations. Nature. 2008;452:220–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Tilman D, Hill J, Lehman C. Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science. 2006;314:1598–600.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Buckley GA, Brochu CA, Krause DW, Pol D. A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature. 2000;405:941–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Peinado AM, Segura JC. Speech Recognition Over Digital Channels. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

1. Li H, editor. Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume 1. 1st ed. 2015. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Jääskeläinen A, Katara M, Kervinen A, Heiskanen H, Maunumaa M, Pääkkönen T. Model-Based Testing Service on the Web. In: Suzuki K, Higashino T, Ulrich A, Hasegawa T, editors. Testing of Software and Communicating Systems: 20th IFIP TC 6/WG 61 International Conference, TestCom 2008 8th International Workshop, FATES 2008 Tokyo, Japan, June 10-13, 2008 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 38–53.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Patient Safety in Surgery.

Blog post

1. Fang J. Doctors Announce World’s First Successful Penis Transplant. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Accounting System for Research and Development, Army Natick Laboratories. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1972 Sep. Report No.: 092853.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Jenkins MM. Clinical decision-making and pediatric bipolar disorder [Doctoral dissertation]. [Chapel Hill, NC]: University of North Carolina; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Seth Mydans; Erin, Sophia Kishkovsky contributed reporting for this article. Moscow’s Gloom Deepens As Fear Becomes Routine. New York Times. 2004 Sep 6;A8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Patient Safety in Surgery
Abbreviation	Patient Saf. Surg.
ISSN (online)	1754-9493
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery