How to format your references using the Pathogens and Disease citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathogens and Disease. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jaeglé L. Atmospheric science. Pumping up surface air. Science 2007;315:772–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pieters J, Ploegh H. Microbiology. Chemical warfare and mycobacterial defense. Science 2003;302:1900–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Le Galliard J-F, Clobert J, Ferrière R. Physical performance and Darwinian fitness in lizards. Nature 2004;432:502–5.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Kasumov AY, Kociak M, Guéron S et al. Proximity-induced superconductivity in DNA. Science 2001;291:280–2.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Frantzen AJ. Anglo-Saxon Keywords. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012.

An edited book

Brandenburg R. Pedagogies for the Future: Leading Quality Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. Wilson JZ (ed.). Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

von Weizsäcker EU. New Frontiers in Technology Application: Integration of Emerging and Traditional Technologies. In: von Weizsäcker EU (ed.). Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker: A Pioneer on Environmental, Climate and Energy Policies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014, 53–5.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathogens and Disease.

Blog post

Hale T. Girl Is Separated From Her Parasitic Twin In Risky Operation. IFLScience 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Computer Simulations, War Gaming, and Contract Studies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

ELBoushi TC. Evaluating ethics training and the outcome on leadership decision making: A phenomenological study. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Norton MB. Woman of the World. New York Times. January 22, 2012:BR14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Jaeglé 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Pieters and Ploegh 2003; Jaeglé 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Pieters and Ploegh 2003)
Three authors: (Le Galliard, Clobert and Ferrière 2004)
4 or more authors: (Kasumov et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathogens and Disease
Abbreviation	Pathog. Dis.
ISSN (online)	2049-632X
Scope	General Immunology and Microbiology General Medicine Immunology and Allergy Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)