How to format your references using the Pakistan Journal of Medical Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Purnell BA. Parenting. A legacy that transcends genes. Introduction. Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):742–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Goodman S, Kreeger K. Getting organized. Nature. 2003 May 1;423(6935):98–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Warrick DR, Tobalske BW, Powers DR. Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird. Nature. 2005 Jun 23;435(7045):1094–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

McKinnon JS, Mori S, Blackman BK, David L, Kingsley DM, Jamieson L, et al. Evidence for ecology’s role in speciation. Nature. 2004 May 20;429(6989):294–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Möller R, Pöter H, Schwarze K. Planen und Bauen mit Trapezprofilen und Sandwichelementen. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2011.

An edited book

Castano V. Resilient computer system design. Schagaev I, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. XIX, 256 p. 124 illus., 115 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

Poolsappasit N, Kumar V, Madria S, Chellappan S. Challenges in Secure Sensor-Cloud Computing. In: Jonker W, Petković M, editors. Secure Data Management: 8th VLDB Workshop, SDM 2011, Seattle, WA, USA, September 2, 2011, Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 70–84. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pakistan Journal of Medical Research.

Blog post

Fang J. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Spider Masquerades As Bird Poo. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/spider-masquerades-bird-poo/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Tax Systems Modernization: Comments on IRS’ Fiscal Year 1994 Budget Request. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993 Apr. Report No.: T-IMTEC-93-6.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Shenasi SY. The Roots of Music Therapy: Healing the Wounds of the Psyche [Doctoral dissertation]. [Carpinteria, CA]: Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justice Unbound. New York Times. 2009 May 3;WK1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Pakistan Journal of Medical Research
ISSN (print)	0030-9842
Scope