How to format your references using the Pakistan Journal of Medical Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hvidberg CS. When Greenland ice melts. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):551–2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Yu WJ, Duan X. Tunable transport gap in narrow bilayer graphene nanoribbons. Sci Rep. 2013 Feb 13;3:1248.

A journal article with 3 authors

Schuch R, Nelson D, Fischetti VA. A bacteriolytic agent that detects and kills Bacillus anthracis. Nature. 2002 Aug 22;418(6900):884–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Tan L, An Z, Huh CA, Cai Y, Shen CC, Shiau LJ, et al. Cyclic precipitation variation on the western Loess Plateau of China during the past four centuries. Sci Rep. 2014 Sep 16;4:6381.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bisgaard S, Kulahci M. Time Series Analysis and Forecasting by Example: Bisgaard/Time Series by Example. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011. (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics).

An edited book

Thoma K, editor. European Perspectives on Security Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. 119 p. 29 illus., 23 illus. in color. (acatech DISKUTIERT; vol. 1).

A chapter in an edited book

Porwit A. The Expanding Diagnostic Role of Flow Cytometry in Bone Marrow Studies of Patients with Lymphomas and Plasma Cell Disorders. In: Anagnostou D, Matutes E, editors. Bone Marrow Lymphoid Infiltrates: Diagnosis and Clinical Impact. London: Springer; 2012. p. 47–65.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pakistan Journal of Medical Research.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. NASA Pretended Neptune Was An Exoplanet To Improve Our Chances Of Finding Life. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-pretended-neptune-was-an-exoplanet-to-improve-our-chances-of-finding-life/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. V-22 Osprey Aircraft: Assessments Needed to Address Operational and Cost Concerns to Define Future Investments. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009 Jun. Report No.: GAO-09-692T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kalinec-Craig C. A case study of four Latina/o pre-service teachers in learning to teach mathematics for understanding and integrate a child’s out-of-school mathematical knowledge and experiences [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J. The Mets Find Progress, And Hope for Montero, In a Sweep of the Giants. New York Times. 2017 Jun 26;D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Pakistan Journal of Medical Research
ISSN (print)	0030-9842
Scope