How to format your references using the Pain Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Faedi F. Exoplanets: A glimpse of Earth’s fate. Nature 526(7574), 515–516 (2015).

A journal article with 2 authors

Farmer ME, Baran PS. Organic chemistry: A cure for catalyst poisoning. Nature 524(7564), 164–165 (2015).

A journal article with 3 authors

Yaguchi S, Yaguchi J, Inaba K. bicaudal-C is required for the formation of anterior neurogenic ectoderm in the sea urchin embryo. Sci. Rep. 4, 6852 (2014).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nicastro F, Mathur S, Elvis M et al. The mass of the missing baryons in the X-ray forest of the warm-hot intergalactic medium. Nature 433(7025), 495–498 (2005).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tannenbaum LV. Alternative Ecological Risk Assessment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK (2013).

An edited book

Parisi-Presicce F, Westfechtel B (Eds.). Graph Transformation: 8th International Conference, ICGT 2015, Held as Part of STAF 2015, L’Aquila, Italy, July 21-23, 2015. Proceedings. (Volume 9151). Springer International Publishing, Cham (2015).

A chapter in an edited book

Ives CL, Harrison DK, Stansby G. Relationships Between Muscle So2, Skin So2 and Physiological Variables. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXVII. Cicco G, Bruley DF, Ferrari M, Harrison DK (Ed.), Springer US, Boston, MA, 29–33 (2006).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain Management.

Blog post

Andrews R. ‘Listen To The Sound Of Humanity’s Very First Language’ (2016). https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/listen-to-the-sound-of-humanitys-very-first-language/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Social Security Numbers: Stronger Protections Needed When Contractors Have Access to SSNs, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, (2006).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Buckingham T. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, (2012).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K. QUICK BITE/Edison; Sandwich for Five?, (2006).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [2,4,6,8].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain Management
Abbreviation	Pain Manag.
ISSN (print)	1758-1869
ISSN (online)	1758-1877
Scope