How to format your references using the Pain and Therapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain and Therapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Simmons RM. Prophets without honour? Nature. 2000;407:839.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Towbin JA, Bowles NE. The failing heart. Nature. 2002;415:227–33.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2004;430:242–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Paton AW, Beddoe T, Thorpe CM, Whisstock JC, Wilce MCJ, Rossjohn J, et al. AB5 subtilase cytotoxin inactivates the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP. Nature. 2006;443:548–52.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bains G. Cultural DNA. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

1. Tüselmann H, Buzdugan S, Cao Q, Freund D, Golesorkhi S, editors. Impact of International Business: Challenges and Solutions for Policy and Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Bart H, Kaashoek MA, Ran ACM. Factorization of non-proper rational matrix functions. In: Kaashoek MA, Ran ACM, editors. A State Space Approach to Canonical Factorization with Applications. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2010. p. 57–74.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain and Therapy.

Blog post

1. Davis J. Parasitic Fungus Infects Cells By Fusing Them Together For Easier Travel [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/parasitic-fungus-infects-cells-by-fusing-them-together-for-easier-travel/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. National School Lunch Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977 Sep. Report No.: 094675.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Ahn M. Student Perception of Language Achievement and Learner Autonomy in a Blended Korean Language Course: The Case Study of Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center [Doctoral dissertation]. [Scottsdale, AZ]: Northcentral University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. (nyt) SK. World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Ex-Premier’s Real Estate Deal Investigated. New York Times. 2005 Jul 12;A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain and Therapy
Abbreviation	Pain Ther.
ISSN (print)	2193-8237
ISSN (online)	2193-651X
Scope

Research and Writing Guides