How to format your references using the Pain and Therapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain and Therapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Saksida LM. Neuroscience. Remembering outside the box. Science. 2009;325:40–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Fox RC, Scott CS. First evidence of a venom delivery apparatus in extinct mammals. Nature. 2005;435:1091–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Peirce V, Carobbio S, Vidal-Puig A. The different shades of fat. Nature. 2014;510:76–83.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Giasson BI, Forman MS, Higuchi M, Golbe LI, Graves CL, Kotzbauer PT, et al. Initiation and synergistic fibrillization of tau and alpha-synuclein. Science. 2003;300:636–40.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Vakkur NV, Herrera ZJ. Corporate Governance Regulation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Lu Z. Geodesy: Introduction to Geodetic Datum and Geodetic Systems. Qu Y, Qiao S, editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Panasyuk VV, Marukha VI, Sylovanyuk VP. Implementation of Injection Technologies for the Renewal and Restoration of Serviceability of Concrete or Reinforced Concrete Structures. In: Marukha VI, Sylovanyuk VP, editors. Injection Technologies for the Repair of Damaged Concrete Structures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 67–95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain and Therapy.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Good Riddance To Thailand’s Infamous ‘Tiger Temple.’ IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Small Businesses Are More Active as Inventors Than as Innovators in the Innovation Process. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1981 Dec. Report No.: PAD-82-19.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Tabellario CM. A plan to establish a financial counseling center on the campus of California State University, Long Beach [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Witz B, Pilon M. Stars’ Newest Must-Have Item: The Clippers. New York Times. 2014 Apr 30;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain and Therapy
Abbreviation	Pain Ther.
ISSN (print)	2193-8237
ISSN (online)	2193-651X
Scope

Research and Writing Guides