How to format your references using the Pain and Therapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain and Therapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Tromans A. Plant biology. Volatile defence. Nature. 2000;408:785.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Schultz DM, Yoon TP. Solar synthesis: prospects in visible light photocatalysis. Science. 2014;343:1239176.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Pesaran B, Nelson MJ, Andersen RA. Free choice activates a decision circuit between frontal and parietal cortex. Nature. 2008;453:406–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Inoue K, Kohda T, Lee J, Ogonuki N, Mochida K, Noguchi Y, et al. Faithful expression of imprinted genes in cloned mice. Science. 2002;295:297.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Smith JT. Methods of Geometry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1999.

An edited book

1. Sharvit K, Halperin E, editors. A Social Psychology Perspective on The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Bar-Tal, Vol II. 1st ed. 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Westphal M, Emami P. Pineal Lesions: A Multidisciplinary Challenge. In: Schramm J, editor. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery: Volume 42. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 79–102.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain and Therapy.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Iris Scanners Can Now Identify Us From 40 Feet Away. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. State Infrastructure Banks: A Mechanism to Expand Federal Transportation Financing. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996 Oct. Report No.: RCED-97-9.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Hudson KR. Student perception of teachers’ National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education and California Commission on Teacher Credentialing dispositions [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kelly M. Reporter’s Notebook; Clinton’s 4-Day Holiday: Exhaustive Relaxation. New York Times. 1992 Dec 1;B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain and Therapy
Abbreviation	Pain Ther.
ISSN (print)	2193-8237
ISSN (online)	2193-651X
Scope