How to format your references using the Pain and Therapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain and Therapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Goodman S. Bricks and mortar. Nature. 2004;427:660.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Sheng M, Kim MJ. Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms. Science. 2002;298:776–80.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Nestle FO, Speidel H, Speidel MO. Metallurgy: high nickel release from 1- and 2-euro coins. Nature. 2002;419:132.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Tudosa I, Stamm C, Kashuba AB, King F, Siegmann HC, Stöhr J, et al. The ultimate speed of magnetic switching in granular recording media. Nature. 2004;428:831–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Kharmanda G, El Hami A. Reliability in Biomechanics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

1. Slee PT. Well-Being, Positive Peer Relations and Bullying in School Settings. Skrzypiec G, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Hassett B, Tschinkel Y. Extremal Rays and Automorphisms of Holomorphic Symplectic Varieties. In: Faber C, Farkas G, van der Geer G, editors. K3 Surfaces and Their Moduli. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 73–95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain and Therapy.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Beyond Pluto: New Horizons’ Mission Is Not Over Yet. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. International Aviation: Measures by European Community Could Limit U.S. Airlines’ Ability to Compete Abroad. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993 Apr. Report No.: RCED-93-64.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Kargbo AH. An Approach to Dynamic Resource Allocation for Electric Power Disaster Response Management [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2019.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Koblin J. NBCUniversal Buys TV Rights to ‘Harry Potter.’ New York Times. 2016 Aug 8;B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain and Therapy
Abbreviation	Pain Ther.
ISSN (print)	2193-8237
ISSN (online)	2193-651X
Scope