How to format your references using the Pain and Therapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain and Therapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Zakamska NL. H(2) emission arises outside photodissociation regions in ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Nature. 2010;465:60–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Rohling EJ, Pälike H. Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago. Nature. 2005;434:975–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Matsushita T, Mochizuki N, Nagatani A. Dimers of the N-terminal domain of phytochrome B are functional in the nucleus. Nature. 2003;424:571–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Schneider H, Downey J, Smith A, Zinselmeyer BH, Rush C, Brewer JM, et al. Reversal of the TCR stop signal by CTLA-4. Science. 2006;313:1972–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Sandou G. Metaheuristic Optimization for the Design of Automatic Control Laws. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Fong Y, Giulianotti PC, Lewis J, Groot Koerkamp B, Reiner T, editors. Imaging and Visualization in The Modern Operating Room: A Comprehensive Guide for Physicians. New York, NY: Springer; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Winter H. Kinetic Electron Emission for Grazing Scattering of Atoms and Ions from Surfaces. In: Burgdörfer J, editor. Slow Heavy-Particle Induced Electron Emission from Solid Surfaces. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p. 113–51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain and Therapy.

Blog post

1. Andrew D. This Fungus Can Instantly Induce An Earth-Shattering Orgasm [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/even-fungus-can-give-woman-orgasm/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Transportation Infrastructure: FHWA Should Assess and Compare the Benefits of Projects When Awarding Discretionary Grants. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Sep. Report No.: RCED-99-263.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Nam Y-H. On Throughput-Reliability-Delay Tradeoffs in Wireless Networks [Doctoral dissertation]. [Columbus, OH]: Ohio State University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hubbard B. 21 Killed in Series of Car Bomb Blasts in Syria’s Capital. New York Times. 2017 Jul 2;A5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain and Therapy
Abbreviation	Pain Ther.
ISSN (print)	2193-8237
ISSN (online)	2193-651X
Scope