How to format your references using the Otolaryngology Case Reports citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Otolaryngology Case Reports. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Bignami G. Why we need space travel. Nature 2009;460:325.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Enquist JA Jr, Stoltz BM. The total synthesis of (-)-cyanthiwigin F by means of double catalytic enantioselective alkylation. Nature 2008;453:1228–31.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Catling DC, Zahnle KJ, McKay C. Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth. Science 2001;293:839–43.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Boccaccio C, Sabatino G, Medico E, Girolami F, Follenzi A, Reato G, et al. The MET oncogene drives a genetic programme linking cancer to haemostasis. Nature 2005;434:396–400.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Tagliamonte SA. Making Waves. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Tan Y, Shi Y, Tan KC, editors. Advances in Swarm Intelligence: First International Conference, ICSI 2010, Beijing, China, June 12-15, 2010, Proceedings, Part II. vol. 6146. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kaminsky R, Kallweit S, Rossi M, Morbiducci U, Scalise L, Verdonck P, et al. PIV Measurements of Flows in Artificial Heart Valves. In: Schroeder A, Willert CE, editors. Particle Image Velocimetry: New Developments and Recent Applications, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008, p. 55–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Otolaryngology Case Reports.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Coca-Cola Is Funding Controversial Research That Claims Bad Diets Don’t Cause Obesity. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/coca-cola-funds-research-blames-obesity-lack-exercise-and-downplay-role-bad/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Combined Fund Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Grannis KS. Secular spiritual quests in modern American novels, 1922–1960. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Steinmetz P by G. Let a Hundred McMansions Bloom. New York Times 2014:MM51.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Otolaryngology Case Reports
ISSN (print)	2468-5488
Scope