How to format your references using the Osteoporosis International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoporosis International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fenton MB (2011) Ecology. The world through a bat’s ear. Science 333:528–529

A journal article with 2 authors

Hewak D, Gholipour B (2012) Materials science. Primed to remember. Science 336:1515–1516

A journal article with 3 authors

De Marco García NV, Karayannis T, Fishell G (2011) Neuronal activity is required for the development of specific cortical interneuron subtypes. Nature 472:351–355

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Kumar A, Arruda TM, Tselev A, et al (2013) Nanometer-scale mapping of irreversible electrochemical nucleation processes on solid Li-ion electrolytes. Sci Rep 3:1621

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Reiman J (2012) As Free and as Just as Possible. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Choi T-M (2012) Risk Analysis in Stochastic Supply Chains: A Mean-Risk Approach. Springer, New York, NY

A chapter in an edited book

Hale MR (2016) Apostles of Freedom: Pro-French American Democrats and Thomas Paine as Religious Crusaders. In: Cleary S, Stabell IL (eds) New Directions in Thomas Paine Studies. Palgrave Macmillan US, New York, NY, pp 69–91

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoporosis International.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Newly Discovered, Unnamed Deep Sea Creatures Found Off The Coast Of Puerto Rico. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1992) Railroad Safety: Engineer Work Shift Length and Schedule Variability. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gonzalez SN (2010) Analysis of the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act on California’s children: A report card on the CalWORKs program. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sophia Kishkovsky; Compiled by (2009) Moscow Hosts Contemporary Art Show. New York Times C5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoporosis International
Abbreviation	Osteoporos. Int.
ISSN (print)	0937-941X
ISSN (online)	1433-2965
Scope	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism