How to format your references using the Osteoporosis International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoporosis International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kelley KA (2014) Geophysics. Inside Earth runs hot and cold. Science 344:51–52

A journal article with 2 authors

Moore WB, Webb AAG (2013) Heat-pipe Earth. Nature 501:501–505

A journal article with 3 authors

Seto KC, Kaufmann RK, Woodcock CE (2000) Landsat reveals China’s farmland reserves, but they’re vanishing fast. Nature 406:121

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Clay NK, Adio AM, Denoux C, et al (2009) Glucosinolate metabolites required for an Arabidopsis innate immune response. Science 323:95–101

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Beg D, Kuhlmann U, Davaine L, Braun B (2012) Design of Plated Structures. Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Germany

An edited book

Wang Q, Cheng Y, Liu NC (2013) Building World-Class Universities: Different Approaches to a Shared Goal. SensePublishers, Rotterdam

A chapter in an edited book

Zhang J, Chen H, Wang H (2014) Velocity Evaluation in Traffic Accidents Occurred at the Road Intersection Based on Image Processing. In: Patnaik S, Li X (eds) Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology: CSAIT 2013, September 21–23, 2013, Kunming, China. Springer India, New Delhi, pp 39–44

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoporosis International.

Blog post

Davis J (2016) Human Embryos Grown In Lab For Record Period Of Time. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) FAA Information Resources: Agency Needs to Correct Widespread Deficiencies. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sheah J (2015) Reading Dreams: Representation of Dreams Through Artists’ Books. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt) SK (2002) World Briefing | Europe: Belarus: European Official Expelled. New York Times A9

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoporosis International
Abbreviation	Osteoporos. Int.
ISSN (print)	0937-941X
ISSN (online)	1433-2965
Scope	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism