How to format your references using the Osteoporosis International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoporosis International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Vella D (2015) ROBOTICS. Two leaps forward for robot locomotion. Science 349:472–473

A journal article with 2 authors

Hengel H, Koszinowski UH (2010) Virology. A vaccine monkey wrench? Science 328:51–52

A journal article with 3 authors

Falkowski PG, Fenchel T, Delong EF (2008) The microbial engines that drive Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Science 320:1034–1039

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Van Gelder RN, Wee R, Lee JA, Tu DC (2003) Reduced pupillary light responses in mice lacking cryptochromes. Science 299:222

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ambachtsheer KP (2016) The Future of Pension Management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Bautista Paz E (2010) A Brief Illustrated History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Schellekens J, van Poppel F (2006) Religious differentials in marital fertility in The Hague (Netherlands), 1860–1909. In: Derosas R, van Poppel F (eds) Religion and the Decline of Fertility in the Western World. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 59–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoporosis International.

Blog post

Fang J (2014) Sea anemone genetics are surprisingly plant-like. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2009) Health Information Technology: Federal Agencies’ Experiences Demonstrate Challenges to Successful Implementation. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Canan D (2016) Action Research Study on the Gradual Release of Responsibility, Critical Thinking Skills and Use of Intertextuality in a Midwest Suburban High School Setting. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Markoff J (2016) A Would-Be Father of A.I. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoporosis International
Abbreviation	Osteoporos. Int.
ISSN (print)	0937-941X
ISSN (online)	1433-2965
Scope	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism