How to format your references using the Osteoporosis International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoporosis International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wegener M (2013) Materials science. Metamaterials beyond optics. Science 342:939–940

A journal article with 2 authors

Parker HG, Ostrander EA (2014) Cancer. Hiding in plain view--an ancient dog in the modern world. Science 343:376–378

A journal article with 3 authors

Yin J, Sun Y, Ge F (2014) Reduced plant nutrition under elevated CO₂ depresses the immunocompetence of cotton bollworm against its endoparasite. Sci Rep 4:4538

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Hu Q, Xu D-H, Zhou Y, et al (2013) Position-sensitive spectral splitting with a plasmonic nanowire on silicon chip. Sci Rep 3:3095

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Permyakov EA, Kretsinger RH (2010) Calcium Binding Proteins. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Gogolin AO (2014) Lectures on Complex Integration. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Pietrzak K, Wikström D (2007) Parallel Repetition of Computationally Sound Protocols Revisited. In: Vadhan SP (ed) Theory of Cryptography: 4th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, February 21-24, 2007. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 86–102

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoporosis International.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Scientists Snap Stunning Photograph Of Star Cluster. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/supermodel-galaxy/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) Air Traffic Control: FAA’s Advanced Automation System Contract. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ennaco WA (2014) Mastering morphosyntax: A pre-experimental study on the effectiveness of a parent-training program for preschoolaged children with specific language impairment. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Weiser B (2014) Mixed Motives Seen in Prosecutor’s Decision to Release Grand Jury Materials. New York Times A16

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoporosis International
Abbreviation	Osteoporos. Int.
ISSN (print)	0937-941X
ISSN (online)	1433-2965
Scope	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism