How to format your references using the Osteoarthritis and Cartilage citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kealey T. More is less. Economists and governments lag decades behind Derek Price’s thinking. Nature. 2000;405(6784):279.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cowman AF, Crabb BS. The Plasmodium falciparum genome--a blueprint for erythrocyte invasion. Science. 2002;298(5591):126-128.

A journal article with 3 authors

Baksh MM, Jaros M, Groves JT. Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions. Nature. 2004;427(6970):139-141.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Suwa G, Kono RT, Katoh S, Asfaw B, Beyene Y. A new species of great ape from the late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia. Nature. 2007;448(7156):921-924.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pollak P. Fine Chemicals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

Lee K, Kaplan D, eds. Tissue Engineering II: Basics of Tissue Engineering and Tissue Applications. Vol 103. Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Anand M, Fischmeister S, Kim J, Lee I. Generating Sound and Resource-Aware Code from Hybrid Systems Models. In: Broy M, Krüger IH, Meisinger M, eds. Model-Driven Development of Reliable Automotive Services: Second Automotive Software Workshop, ASWSD 2006, San Diego, CA, USA, March 15-17, 2006, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2008:48-66.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.

Blog post

Andrews R. Enormous Dutch Air Filter Will Suck The Smog From Your Skies. IFLScience. October 26, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/enormous-dutch-air-filter-suck-smog-skies/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Review of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare’s Actions To Carry Out the Provisions of the National Cooley’s Anemia Control Act. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1974.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Decker KM. A Study of Relationships between Counselor Education, Social Justice Advocacy Competence, and Likelihood to Advocate. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Roach M. The Mouth’s Guard. New York Times. March 26, 2013:D6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
Abbreviation	Osteoarthritis Cartilage
ISSN (print)	1063-4584
ISSN (online)	1522-9653
Scope	Biomedical Engineering Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Rheumatology