How to format your references using the Osteoarthritis and Cartilage citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Grayson M. Ageing. Nature. 2012;492(7427):S1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fox K, Caterson B. Neuroscience. Freeing the bain from the perineuronal net. Science. 2002;298(5596):1187-1189.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gagnon K, Chadwell CD, Norabuena E. Measuring the onset of locking in the Peru-Chile trench with GPS and acoustic measurements. Nature. 2005;434(7030):205-208.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Dutton Z, Budde M, Slowe C, Hau LV. Observation of quantum shock waves created with ultra- compressed slow light pulses in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Science. 2001;293(5530):663-668.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Burgess M. Analytical Network and System Administration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2005.

An edited book

Rutkowski L, Korytkowski M, Scherer R, Tadeusiewicz R, Zadeh LA, Zurada JM, eds. Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing: 11th International Conference, ICAISC 2012, Zakopane, Poland, April 29-May 3, 2012, Proceedings, Part I. Vol 7267. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Rivenbark AG, Coleman WB. The Role of Mutation and Epimutation in the Development of Human Disease. In: Allen TC, Cagle PT, eds. Basic Concepts of Molecular Pathology. Molecular Pathology Library. Springer US; 2009:41-54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.

Blog post

Andrew E. Barriers, Canals And Fake Islands: How We Can Save Cities From Rising Sea Levels. IFLScience. Published August 3, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/barriers-canals-and-fake-islands-how-we-can-save-cities-rising-sea-levels/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: Architecture Needed to Guide NASA’s Financial Management Modernization. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Stefania S. From Italian American Icon to Working Class Hero: Perspectives on Pietro Di Donato’s “Christ in Concrete.” Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M. THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Political Memo; A Contest of 2 Generations, Molded by 2 Different Wars. New York Times. August 30, 1992:11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
Abbreviation	Osteoarthritis Cartilage
ISSN (print)	1063-4584
ISSN (online)	1522-9653
Scope	Biomedical Engineering Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Rheumatology