How to format your references using the Orthopedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Orthopedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hand E. Cash crisis could ground NASA rocket. Nature. 2009;461(7261):153.

A journal article with 2 authors

Youle RJ, van der Bliek AM. Mitochondrial fission, fusion, and stress. Science. 2012;337(6098):1062-1065.

A journal article with 3 authors

Araki T, Sasaki Y, Milbrandt J. Increased nuclear NAD biosynthesis and SIRT1 activation prevent axonal degeneration. Science. 2004;305(5686):1010-1013.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Dong KF, Li HH, Peng YG, Ju G, Chow GM, Chen JS. Nanogranular TiN-ZrO₂ intermediate layer induced improvement of isolation and grain size of FePt thin films. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5607.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Dosil J. Eating Disorders in Athletes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008.

An edited book

Pardede E, ed. Community-Built Databases: Research and Development. Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Venstermans K, Eeckhout L, De Bosschere K. Object-Relative Addressing: Compressed Pointers in 64-Bit Java Virtual Machines. In: Ernst E, ed. ECOOP 2007 – Object-Oriented Programming: 21st European Conference, Berlin, Germany, July 30 - August 3, 2007. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2007:79-100.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Orthopedics.

Blog post

Hale T. The World’s Rarest Wild Dog Has Not Gone Extinct After All. IFLScience. Published March 30, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/the-worlds-rarest-wild-dog-has-not-gone-extinct-after-all/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. DOD Business Systems Modernization: Longstanding Management and Oversight Weaknesses Continue to Put Investments at Risk. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zhang Y. A Grant Proposal for Mindfulness-Based Self-Care Training for Child Welfare Workers. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J. Catch of the Year So Far. No Ball Involved. New York Times. March 3, 2017:D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Orthopedics
Abbreviation	Orthopedics
ISSN (print)	0147-7447
ISSN (online)	1938-2367
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

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