How to format your references using the Orthopedics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Orthopedics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Morell V. When the bat sings. Science. 2014;344(6190):1334-1337.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pucadyil TJ, Schmid SL. Conserved functions of membrane active GTPases in coated vesicle formation. Science. 2009;325(5945):1217-1220.

A journal article with 3 authors

Snellen IAG, de Mooij EJW, Albrecht S. The changing phases of extrasolar planet CoRoT-1b. Nature. 2009;459(7246):543-545.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kumar KR, Li L, Yan M, et al. Regulation of B cell tolerance by the lupus susceptibility gene Ly108. Science. 2006;312(5780):1665-1669.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

El Hami A, Radi B. Uncertainty and Optimization in Structural Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Yan W. 9-12Cr Heat-Resistant Steels. (Wang W, Shan Y, Yang K, Sha W, eds.). Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Hall MJW, Reginatto M. Quantization of Classical Ensembles via an Exact Uncertainty Principle. In: Reginatto M, ed. Ensembles on Configuration Space: Classical, Quantum, and Beyond. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Springer International Publishing; 2016:85-113.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Orthopedics.

Blog post

Hamilton K. Net-Casting Spider Plunges Web On Top Of Prey. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federal Aviation Administration: Financial Management Issues. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Eskridge RD. Municipal Government: Does Institutional Structural Reform Make a Difference in Local Government? Doctoral dissertation. Mississippi State University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO. For St. Patrick’s Day Parade 1855, Snow on the Clover. New York Times. March 11, 2016:C26.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Orthopedics
Abbreviation	Orthopedics
ISSN (print)	0147-7447
ISSN (online)	1938-2367
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine