How to format your references using the Orthopedic Clinics of North America citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Orthopedic Clinics of North America (OCL). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Offringa R. Cancer. Cancer immunotherapy is more than a numbers game. Science 2006;314(5796):68–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jupp T., Schultz A. A thermodynamic explanation for black smoker temperatures. Nature 2000;403(6772):880–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ishii H., Sakurai Y., Maruyama T. Effect of soccer shoe upper on ball behaviour in curve kicks. Sci Rep 2014;4:6067.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Zhang Y-X., Perry K., Vinci VA., et al. Genome shuffling leads to rapid phenotypic improvement in bacteria. Nature 2002;415(6872):644–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1998.

An edited book

Chakrabarti G. Momentum Trading on the Indian Stock Market. New Delhi: Springer India; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Wijesundara MBJ., Azevedo RG. Packaging. In: Azevedo R, editor. Silicon Carbide Microsystems for Harsh Environments. New York, NY: Springer; 2011. p. 167–88.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Orthopedic Clinics of North America.

Blog post

Andrews R. Early Warning Trigger Found For Most Unpredictable Kind Of Volcanic Eruption. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/early-warning-trigger-found-most-unpredictable-kind-volcanic-eruption/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Personnel Security: Pass and Security Clearance Data for the Executive Office of the President. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ilag GM. An examination of the entity participants’ collaborative partnerships within the United Nations Global Compact. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wasik JF. Reverse Mortgages Are Quietly Making a Comeback. New York Times 2016:B5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Orthopedic Clinics of North America
Abbreviation	Orthop. Clin. North Am.
ISSN (print)	0030-5898
ISSN (online)	1558-1373
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine