How to format your references using the Orthopedic Clinics of North America citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Orthopedic Clinics of North America (OCL). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wolthers M. MINERAL CHEMISTRY. How minerals dissolve. Science 2015;349(6254):1288.

A journal article with 2 authors

Darios F., Davletov B. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids stimulate cell membrane expansion by acting on syntaxin 3. Nature 2006;440(7085):813–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Stutzmann N., Friend RH., Sirringhaus H. Self-aligned, vertical-channel, polymer field-effect transistors. Science 2003;299(5614):1881–4.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Berger PJ., Skuza EM., Brodecky V., et al. Physiology: the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Nature 2002;419(6908):686; discussion 686.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lipiansky E. Electrical, Electronics, and Digital Hardware Essentials for Scientists and Engineers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Lawless CE. Sports Cardiology Essentials: Evaluation, Management and Case Studies. New York, NY: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Aerts D., Broekaert J., Gabora L., et al. The Guppy Effect as Interference. In: Busemeyer JR, Dubois F, Lambert-Mogiliansky A et al., editors. Quantum Interaction: 6th International Symposium, QI 2012, Paris, France, June 27-29, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 36–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Orthopedic Clinics of North America.

Blog post

Davis J. Gene-Editing Technique CRISPR-Cas9 May Be Causing Hundreds Of Genetic Mutations. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/geneediting-technique-crisprcas9-may-be-causing-hundreds-of-genetic-mutations/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Need for NASA To Provide Congress More Complete Cost Information on Its Projects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1980.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sutton DS. Structural and geophysical interpretation of Roatán Island, Honduras, Western Caribbean. Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. October 7-13; Kursk Raised. New York Times 2001:42.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Orthopedic Clinics of North America
Abbreviation	Orthop. Clin. North Am.
ISSN (print)	0030-5898
ISSN (online)	1558-1373
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine