How to format your references using the Orthopaedics and Trauma citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Orthopaedics and Trauma. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Odling-Smee L. Biofuels bandwagon hits a rut. Nature 2007; 446: 483.

A journal article with 2 authors

Frey P, Church M. Geophysics. How river beds move. Science 2009; 325: 1509–10.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tuthill PG, Monnier JD, Danchi WC. A dusty torus around the luminous young star LkH alpha101. Nature 2001; 409: 1012–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Avinun-Kalish M, Heiblum M, Zarchin O, Mahalu D, Umansky V. Crossover from ‘mesoscopic’ to ‘universal’ phase for electron transmission in quantum dots. Nature 2005; 436: 529–33.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Peinado AM, Segura JC. Speech Recognition Over Digital Channels. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006.

An edited book

Tehranipoor M. Integrated Circuit Authentication: Hardware Trojans and Counterfeit Detection. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Chaouachi M, Jraidi I, Frasson C. Modeling Mental Workload Using EEG Features for Intelligent Systems. In: Konstan JA, Conejo R, Marzo JL, Oliver N, eds. User Modeling, Adaption and Personalization: 19th International Conference, UMAP 2011, Girona, Spain, July 11-15, 2011. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Orthopaedics and Trauma.

Blog post

Fang J. River Dolphin Sonar Is Well-Suited For Life In The Busy Amazon. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/amazon-river-dolphin-biosonar-well-suited-cluttered-environments/ (accessed 30 Oct 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. NASA Needs to Better Assess Contract Termination Liability Risks and Ensure Consistency in Its Practices. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Widner CM. Top -dog to bottom -dog: A study of middle to high school transition and teachers’ philosophies and practices as applied to stage -environment fit theory. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Nagourney A, Berger J. Horror at Desert Ritual as Racer Flips Into Crowd. New York Times 16 Aug 2010; A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Orthopaedics and Trauma
ISSN (print)	1877-1327
ISSN (online)	1877-1335
Scope