How to format your references using the Optimization Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Optimization Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sanderson, M.J.: Phylogenetic signal in the eukaryotic tree of life. Science. 321, 121–123 (2008)

A journal article with 2 authors

Shim, M., Guyot-Sionnest, P.: n-type colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. Nature. 407, 981–983 (2000)

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhou, T., Gao, Y., Wang, Z.D.: Topological quantum phase transitions and edge states in spin-orbital coupled Fermi gases. Sci. Rep. 4, 5218 (2014)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S.C., Feely, R.A., Cosca, C.E.: Decadal variation of the surface water PCO2 in the western and central equatorial Pacific. Science. 302, 852–856 (2003)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Luo, A.C.J., Guo, Y.: Vibro-Impact Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Oxford, UK (2013)

An edited book

Dong, Y.: Consensus Building in Group Decision Making: Searching the Consensus Path with Minimum Adjustments. Springer, Singapore (2016)

A chapter in an edited book

Ledger, S., Vidovich, L., O’Donoghue, T.: The Research Approach. In: Vidovich, L. and O’Donoghue, T. (eds.) Global to Local Curriculum Policy Processes: The Enactment of the International Baccalaureate in Remote International Schools. pp. 57–83. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Optimization Letters.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: Zoo Animal Jam Sessions Provide Enrichment, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/zoo-animal-jam-sessions-provide-enrichment/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Coast Guard Cutters: Actions Needed Now to Ensure Better Management of Parts and Supplies. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1995)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Victoria, F.C.: One on One, (2017)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Conte, L.: Scouting Report, (2011)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Optimization Letters
Abbreviation	Optim. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1862-4472
ISSN (online)	1862-4480
Scope	Control and Optimization