How to format your references using the Optics Express citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Optics Express. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

E. Bender, "Epidemiology: The dominant malignancy," Nature 513(7517), S2-3 (2014).

A journal article with 2 authors

B. Adlam and M. A. Nowak, "Universality of fixation probabilities in randomly structured populations," Sci. Rep. 4, 6692 (2014).

A journal article with 3 authors

B. Ribeiro, N. Perra, and A. Baronchelli, "Quantifying the effect of temporal resolution on time-varying networks," Sci. Rep. 3, 3006 (2013).

A journal article with 4 or more authors

S. Yorozu, A. Wong, B. J. Fischer, H. Dankert, M. J. Kernan, A. Kamikouchi, K. Ito, and D. J. Anderson, "Distinct sensory representations of wind and near-field sound in the Drosophila brain," Nature 458(7235), 201–205 (2009).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

P. Corsi and M. Dulieu, The Marketing of Technology Intensive Products and Services (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013).

An edited book

S. Wei, Atlas of Bone Pathology, Atlas of Anatomic Pathology (Springer, 2013).

A chapter in an edited book

R. Hull and A. M. O’Donovan, "Acts, Omissions, and Assisted Death: Some Reflections on the Marie Fleming Case," in Philosophy and Political Engagement: Reflection in the Public Sphere, A. Fives and K. Breen, eds. (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016), pp. 79–96.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Optics Express.

Blog post

S. Luntz, "Strange Radio Signals Mystify Astronomers," https://www.iflscience.com/space/strange-radio-signals-mystify-astronomers/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, Airport Noise: FAA’s Enforcement of Noise Rules at National Airport (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

S. Skutt, "Midlife Metamorphosis: Archetypal Imaginal Psychology in Midlife Rite of Passage," Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica Graduate Institute (2017).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

L. Lee, "Adjusting a Waistline for a Wedding, but at What Cost?," New York Times (April 22, 2012).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Optics Express
ISSN (online)	1094-4087
Scope