How to format your references using the Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Owens B. Melanoma. Nature 2014;515:S109.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Ellis BE, Miles GP. Plant biology. One for all? Science 2001;292:2022–2023.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Moeller S, Freiwald WA, Tsao DY. Patches with links: a unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe. Science 2008;320:1355–1359.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

1. Manucharyan VE, Koch J, Glazman LI, Devoret MH. Fluxonium: single cooper-pair circuit free of charge offsets. Science 2009;326:113–116.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Elliott CH, Smith LL. Overcoming Anxiety for Dummies®. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Bolc L, Tadeusiewicz R, Chmielewski LJ, Wojciechowski K eds. Computer Vision and Graphics: International Conference, ICCVG 2010, Warsaw, Poland, September 20-22, 2010, Proceedings, Part I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Keefe A. An Organism of Words: Ekphrastic Poetry and the Pedagogy of Perception. In: Lewis T, Laverty M, eds. Art’s Teachings, Teaching’s Art: Philosophical, Critical and Educational Musings. Contemporary Philosophies and Theories in Education. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015:63–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ophthalmology.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. New Analysis Of Sunspot History Challenges Climate Skeptics. IFLScience 2015. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/errors-sunspot-data/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Accessible Communications: FCC Should Evaluate the Effectiveness of Its Public Outreach Efforts. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Sokoya K. A Historical Analysis of the Contributions of the Black Power Movement to Higher Education: 1960 – 1980. 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kelly K. Where Mu sic: Will Be Coming From. New York Times 2002:629.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Ophthalmology
ISSN (print)	0161-6420
ISSN (online)	1549-4713
Scope	Ophthalmology

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