How to format your references using the Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Perez R. Chemistry. Discriminating chemical bonds. Science 2012;337:1305–1306.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Ernst MO, Banks MS. Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion. Nature 2002;415:429–433.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Gung Y, Panning M, Romanowicz B. Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents. Nature 2003;422:707–711.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

1. Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, et al. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 2005;434:214–217.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Brauer RL. Safety and Health for Engineers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

1. Emerald E, Rinehart RE, Garcia A eds. Global South Ethnographies: Minding the Senses. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Dasgupta A. Controversy Over the Availability of Frege’s Sense in Indian Philosophy of Language: The Case of J.L. Shaw and the Nyāya. In: Bilimoria P, Hemmingsen M, eds. Comparative Philosophy and J.L. Shaw. Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016:27–37.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ophthalmology.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Can Animals Ever Be Artists? IFLScience 2015. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/can-animals-ever-be-artists/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Human Resources Information Systems Issue Area: Active Assignments. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Estep KL. Outreach Communication by Grassroots Environmental Organizations: A Case Study. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Williams J. Robert Caro Nears End Of Research on L.B.J. New York Times 2017:C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Ophthalmology
ISSN (print)	0161-6420
ISSN (online)	1549-4713
Scope	Ophthalmology