How to format your references using the Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Sykes MV. Planetary science. The planet debate continues. Science 2008;319:1765.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Melbourne BA, Hastings A. Highly variable spread rates in replicated biological invasions: fundamental limits to predictability. Science 2009;325:1536–1539.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Kaneko Y, Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation. Science 2006;313:670–673.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

1. Novotny V, Basset Y, Miller SE, et al. Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 2002;416:841–844.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Talbot DB. Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

1. Neyer G, Andersson G, Kulu H, et al. eds. The Demography of Europe. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Tuschmann W, Wraith DJ. Early results about the space of positive scalar curvature metrics. In: Wraith DJ, ed. Moduli Spaces of Riemannian Metrics. Oberwolfach Seminars. Basel: Springer; 2015:27–36.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ophthalmology.

Blog post

1. Davis J. Electric Eels Found To Leap Out Of Water To Shock Predators. IFLScience 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/electric-eels-found-to-leap-out-of-water-to-shock-predators/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Joint Strike Fighter: Strong Risk Management Essential as Program Enters Most Challenging Phase. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Jang SH. Interpretation of extended techniques in unaccompanied flute works by East-Asian composers: Isang Yun, Toru Takemitsu, and Kazuo Fukushima. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Malkin E, Minder R. A Former Mexican Governor Is Arrested, but Not by His Own Country. New York Times 2016:A4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Ophthalmology
ISSN (print)	0161-6420
ISSN (online)	1549-4713
Scope	Ophthalmology