How to format your references using the Northeastern Naturalist citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Northeastern Naturalist. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Coles, P. 2005. The state of the Universe. Nature 433:248–256.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cress, C.D., and S. Datta. 2013. Engineering. Nanoscale transistors--just around the gate? Science (New York, N.Y.) 341:140–141.

A journal article with 3 authors

Koskinen, T.T., A.D. Aylward, and S. Miller. 2007. A stability limit for the atmospheres of giant extrasolar planets. Nature 450:845–848.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Cui, X., Q. Liang, Y. Liang, M. Lu, Y. Ding, and B. Lu. 2014. TR-FRET assays of Huntingtin protein fragments reveal temperature and polyQ length-dependent conformational changes. Scientific reports 4:5601.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Iacus, S.M. 2011. Option Pricing and Estimation of Financial Models with R. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Pitilakis, K., P. Franchin, B. Khazai, and H. Wenzel (Eds.). 2014. SYNER-G: Systemic Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Complex Urban, Utility, Lifeline Systems and Critical Facilities: Methodology and Applications. Vol. 31. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. XXVI, 384 p. 194 illus., 91 illus. in color pp.

A chapter in an edited book

Chibbaro, S., L. Rondoni, and A. Vulpiani. 2014. From Microscopic Reversibility to Macroscopic Irreversibility. Pp. 71–97, In L. Rondoni and A. Vulpiani (Eds.). Reductionism, Emergence and Levels of Reality: The Importance of Being Borderline. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Northeastern Naturalist.

Blog post

Taub, B. 2017. Science Reveals Secrets To Dexterity Of Elephants’ Trunks. IFLScience. IFLScience. Available online at https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/science-reveals-secrets-dexterity-elephants-trunks/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2009. Federal Lands: Enhanced Planning Could Assist Agencies in Managing Increased Use of Off-Highway Vehicles. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Winkelhake, B. 2015. Verbal argumentativeness: A study of retail store managers. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gorman, J. 2016. Up for Anyting: The Common Swift, Ever in the Air. New York Times27 October 2016:D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Coles 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Coles 2005, Cress and Datta 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Cress and Datta 2013)
Three or more authors: (Cui et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Northeastern Naturalist
Abbreviation	Northeast. Nat. (Steuben)
ISSN (print)	1092-6194
ISSN (online)	1938-5307
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics