How to format your references using the Northeastern Naturalist citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Northeastern Naturalist. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Saltykov, B.G. 2007. Russian science: breaking up is hard to do. Nature 449:536–537.

A journal article with 2 authors

Barthelme, D., and R.T. Sauer. 2012. Identification of the Cdc48•20S proteasome as an ancient AAA+ proteolytic machine. Science (New York, N.Y.) 337:843–846.

A journal article with 3 authors

Borys, N.J., E. Shafran, and J.M. Lupton. 2013. Surface plasmon delocalization in silver nanoparticle aggregates revealed by subdiffraction supercontinuum hot spots. Scientific reports 3:2090.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Vik, U., R. Logares, R. Blaalid, R. Halvorsen, T. Carlsen, I. Bakke, A.-B. Kolstø, O.A. Økstad, and H. Kauserud. 2013. Different bacterial communities in ectomycorrhizae and surrounding soil. Scientific reports 3:3471.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ohshima, H. 2010. Biophysical Chemistry of Biointerfaces. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Chockler, H., D. Kroening, L. Mariani, and N. Sharygina (Eds.). 2015. Validation of Evolving Software. Springer International Publishing, Cham. VIII, 220 p. 60 illus., 28 illus. in color pp.

A chapter in an edited book

Chauvicourt, F., S. Orlando, W. Desmet, J.J.C. Gyselinck, and C.T. Faria. 2016. Experimental Study on the Impact of the Number of Laminas on the Dynamics Behavior of an Electric Machine Stator. Pp. 73–79, In M. Mains (Ed.). Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 10: Proceedings of the 34th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics 2016. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Northeastern Naturalist.

Blog post

Luntz, S. 2015. Amazing Bridges Built For Animals. IFLScience. IFLScience. Available online at https://www.iflscience.com/environment/art-building-animal-bridges/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1995. Highway Safety: Causes of Injury in Automobile Crashes. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ogawa, N. 2012. A Man Walks into the World. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Paulson, M. 2017. Ahead of Tonys, Watching Everything. New York Times10 June 2017:A2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Saltykov 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Barthelme and Sauer 2012, Saltykov 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Barthelme and Sauer 2012)
Three or more authors: (Vik et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Northeastern Naturalist
Abbreviation	Northeast. Nat. (Steuben)
ISSN (print)	1092-6194
ISSN (online)	1938-5307
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics