How to format your references using the North Carolina Medical Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for North Carolina Medical Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Netz R. Portraits of science. Proof, amazement, and the unexpected. Science. 2002;298(5595):967-968.

A journal article with 2 authors

Premkumar LS, Ahern GP. Induction of vanilloid receptor channel activity by protein kinase C. Nature. 2000;408(6815):985-990.

A journal article with 3 authors

MacAlister CA, Ohashi-Ito K, Bergmann DC. Transcription factor control of asymmetric cell divisions that establish the stomatal lineage. Nature. 2007;445(7127):537-540.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Lei Z, Liu X, Wu Y, et al. Enhanced strength and ductility in a high-entropy alloy via ordered oxygen complexes. Nature. 2018;563(7732):546-550.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Li FC, Yu B, Wei JJ, Kawaguchi Y. Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives. John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.; 2011.

An edited book

Mauri JL, Thampi SM, Rawat DB, Jin D, eds. Security in Computing and Communications: Second International Symposium, SSCC 2014, Delhi, India, September 24-27, 2014. Proceedings. Vol 467. Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Raz E, Tinelli E, D’Ambrosio F, Caramia F. Intracranial Circulation. In: Catalano C, Anzidei M, Napoli A, eds. Cardiovascular CT and MR Imaging: From Technique to Clinical Interpretation. Springer; 2013:71-91.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for North Carolina Medical Journal.

Blog post

Andrews R. This Breathtaking Video Reveals How Humanity Took Over The World. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. TV Marti: Costs and Compliance With Broadcast Standards and International Agreements. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Karriem KL. The Relationship between Stress and Emotional Intelligence among Direct-Care Workers. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices, Voting 5-4, Limit the Use of Race In Integration Plans. New York Times. June 29, 2007:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	North Carolina Medical Journal
Abbreviation	N. C. Med. J.
ISSN (print)	0029-2559
Scope	General Medicine