How to format your references using the Neurosurgery Clinics of North America citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Neurosurgery Clinics of North America (NEC). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hartzell H. Criss. Physiology. CaCl-ing channels get the last laugh. Science 2008;322(5901):534–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bradshaw William., Holzapfel Christina. Evolution. Tantalizing timeless. Science 2007;316(5833):1851–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Stratton Michael R., Campbell Peter J., Futreal P. Andrew. The cancer genome. Nature 2009;458(7239):719–24.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Yaginuma Hideyuki., Kawai Shinnosuke., Tabata Kazuhito V., et al. Diversity in ATP concentrations in a single bacterial cell population revealed by quantitative single-cell imaging. Sci Rep 2014;4:6522.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chappell David. The JCT Design and Build Contract 2005. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008.

An edited book

Güçlü Alev Devrim. Graphene Quantum Dots. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Cobley Claire M., Wegner Seraphine V., Streichfuss Martin., et al. Advances in Experimental Cell Biology and Cell-Material Interactions. In: Buehler Markus J., Ballarini Roberto, editors. Materiomics: Multiscale Mechanics of Biological Materials and Structures. Vienna: Springer; 2013. p. 87–105.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Neurosurgery Clinics of North America.

Blog post

Hale Tom. Biologists Observe Female Homosexual Behavior In Wild Gorillas For The First Time. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/biologists-observe-female-homosexual-behaviour-wild-gorillas-first-time/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Results-Oriented Management: OPM Needs to Do More to Ensure Meaningful Distinctions Are Made in SES Ratings and Performance Awards. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Beeler Matthew Charles. Disordered Ultracold Two-Dimensional Bose Gases. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Paulson Michael. Broadway at Midnight: ‘A Doll’s House, Part 2.’ New York Times 2017:C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
Abbreviation	Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am.
ISSN (print)	1042-3680
ISSN (online)	1558-1349
Scope	General Medicine Clinical Neurology Surgery