How to format your references using the Musculoskeletal Science and Practice citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Godfray, H.C.J., 2014. Ecology. Society, where none intrudes. Science 343, 1213–1214.

A journal article with 2 authors

Das, R.M., Storey, K.G., 2014. Apical abscission alters cell polarity and dismantles the primary cilium during neurogenesis. Science 343, 200–204.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lukens, J.M., Leaird, D.E., Weiner, A.M., 2013. A temporal cloak at telecommunication data rate. Nature 498, 205–208.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Qian, C., You, W., Xie, D., Yu, D., 2014. Turion morphological responses to water nutrient concentrations and plant density in the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus. Sci. Rep. 4, 7079.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Maji, P., Pal, S.K., 2012. Rough-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Bavry, A.A., 2009. Acute Coronary Syndromes in Clinical Practice. Springer, London.

A chapter in an edited book

Murphy, R.P., 2014. Ben Bernanke, The FDR of Central Bankers, in: Howden, D., Salerno, J.T. (Eds.), The Fed at One Hundred: A Critical View on the Federal Reserve System. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 31–41.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Musculoskeletal Science and Practice.

Blog post

Carpineti, A., 2017. Seventeen Minor Planets Now Have New Names Thanks To A Competition [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/seventeen-minor-planets-now-have-new-names-thanks-to-competition/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1990. Education Regulations: Reasons for Delays in Issuance (No. HRD-91-4BR). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Chung, J., 2009. Understanding caregiving for older adults with dementia in Korean American families (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt), S.K., 2004. World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Miners’ Hunger Strike. New York Times A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Godfray, 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Das and Storey, 2014; Godfray, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Das and Storey, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Qian et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Musculoskeletal Science and Practice
ISSN (print)	2468-7812
Scope