How to format your references using the Musculoskeletal Science and Practice citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zatorre, R.J., 2013. Predispositions and plasticity in music and speech learning: neural correlates and implications. Science 342, 585–589.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wright, S.I., Barrett, S.C.H., 2010. Evolution. The long-term benefits of self-rejection. Science 330, 459–460.

A journal article with 3 authors

Shapiro, L., McAdams, H.H., Losick, R., 2002. Generating and exploiting polarity in bacteria. Science 298, 1942–1946.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Wachter, S., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Dwarkadas, V.V., Kouveliotou, C., Granot, J., Patel, S.K., Figer, D., 2008. An infrared ring around the magnetar SGR 1900+14. Nature 453, 626–628.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Birla, R., 2014. Introduction to Tissue Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Lewis, C., Coghill, K. (Eds.), 2016. Parliamentarians’ Professional Development: The Need for Reform, Public Administration, Governance and Globalization. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Eaton, G.R., Eaton, S.S., Barr, D.P., Weber, R.T., 2010. Practical Advice About Crucial Parameters, in: Eaton, S.S., Barr, D.P., Weber, R.T. (Eds.), Quantitative EPR: A Practitioners Guide. Springer, Vienna, pp. 63–67.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Musculoskeletal Science and Practice.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014. Boron ‘Buckyball’ Could Be Used For Hydrogen Storage [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/boron-‘buckyball’-could-be-used-hydrogen-storage/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2014. Broadband Internet: FCC Should Track the Application of Fixed Internet Usage-Based Pricing and Help Improve Consumer Education (No. GAO-15-108). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bratton, K.J., 2014. Modeling and Control of Heterogeneous Tumors Under Chemotherapy (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander, S., 2000. Late Comeback Falls Short, And Liberty Loses to Shock. New York Times D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Zatorre, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Wright and Barrett, 2010; Zatorre, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Wright and Barrett, 2010)
Three or more authors: (Wachter et al., 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Musculoskeletal Science and Practice
ISSN (print)	2468-7812
Scope