How to format your references using the Musculoskeletal Science and Practice citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brody, H., 2011. Cancer prevention. Nature 471, S1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Matthews, H.D., Solomon, S., 2013. Atmosphere. Irreversible does not mean unavoidable. Science 340, 438–439.

A journal article with 3 authors

McKee, R.A., Walker, F.J., Chisholm, M.F., 2001. Physical structure and inversion charge at a semiconductor interface with a crystalline oxide. Science 293, 468–471.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Nguyen, D., Joshi-Datar, A., Lepine, F., Bauerle, E., Olakanmi, O., Beer, K., McKay, G., Siehnel, R., Schafhauser, J., Wang, Y., Britigan, B.E., Singh, P.K., 2011. Active starvation responses mediate antibiotic tolerance in biofilms and nutrient-limited bacteria. Science 334, 982–986.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Scanlan, E.A., 2009. Fundraising Consultants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Sneve, M.K., Kiselev, M.F. (Eds.), 2008. Challenges in Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Regulation of the Nuclear Legacy, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Patel, K.N., 2015. Hyperthyroidism and Thyroiditis, in: Pasieka, J.L., Lee, J.A. (Eds.), Surgical Endocrinopathies: Clinical Management and the Founding Figures. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 25–33.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Musculoskeletal Science and Practice.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2015. Watch What Happens When You Put A Red-Hot Nickel Ball On Ice [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/red-hot-nickel-ball-ice/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2010. Highway Research: The Second Strategic Highway Research Program Addresses the Four Required Areas, but Some Anticipated Research Was Not Funded (No. GAO-10-248). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cappell, S.D., 2010. Systematic analysis of essential genes reveals new regulators of G protein signaling (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, M., 1993. Vacation Ending, Clinton Plans to Fill More Jobs. New York Times 119.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Brody, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Brody, 2011; Matthews and Solomon, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Matthews and Solomon, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Nguyen et al., 2011)

About the journal

Full journal title	Musculoskeletal Science and Practice
ISSN (print)	2468-7812
Scope