How to format your references using the Modern Rheumatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Modern Rheumatology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Distel JR. Obituary: Raymond Davis Jr (1914-2006). Nature. 2006;442:150.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Atkinson T, Leeder M. Geology. Canyon cutting on a grand time scale. Science. 2008;319:1343–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Weil D, Graham M, Fung A. Science and regulation. Targeting transparency. Science. 2013;340:1410–1.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Baglione V, Canestrari D, Marcos JM, Ekman J. Kin selection in cooperative alliances of carrion crows. Science. 2003;300:1947–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Datta TK. Seismic Analysis of Structures. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010.

An edited book

1. Fathi H. Voice over IP in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks: Signalling, Mobility, and Security. Chakraborty SS, Prasad R, editors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Plagnol AC. Chasing the ‘Good Life’: Gender Differences in Work Aspirations of American Men and Women. In: Eckermann E, editor. Gender, Lifespan and Quality of Life: An International Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 49–61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Modern Rheumatology.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. Why You Should Date Your Best Friend [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/why-you-should-date-your-best-friend/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Guaranteed Student Loans: Better Criteria Needed for Financing Guarantee Agencies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986 Jul. Report No.: HRD-86-57.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Wang X. Inferences on Gamma Distributions: Uncensored and Censored Cases [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Gustines GG. Revisiting an Effort to Expose the Evils of ‘Mein Kampf.’ New York Times. 2016 Jan 2;C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Modern Rheumatology
ISSN (print)	1439-7595
ISSN (online)	1439-7609
Scope

Research and Writing Guides