How to format your references using the Modern Rheumatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Modern Rheumatology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Macrakis K. Science and the Stasi. Nature. 2009;461:594–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Satpute-Krishnan P, Serio TR. Prion protein remodelling confers an immediate phenotypic switch. Nature. 2005;437:262–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Alford RA, Dixon PM, Pechmann JH. Ecology. Global amphibian population declines. Nature. 2001;412:499–500.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Moreno-Mayar JV, Potter BA, Vinner L, Steinrücken M, Rasmussen S, Terhorst J, et al. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature. 2018;553:203–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. O’Neil PV. Beginning Partial Differential Equations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008.

An edited book

1. Fischlin M, editor. Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2009: The Cryptographers’ Track at the RSA Conference 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 20-24, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Praussello F. The Impact of the Eurozone Crisis on a Periphery Country: The Case of Italy. In: Katsikides S, Koktsidis PI, editors. Societies in Transition: Economic, Political and Security Transformations in Contemporary Europe. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 57–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Modern Rheumatology.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Gorillas In Zoos – The Unpalatable Truth [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/gorillas-zoos-unpalatable-truth/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Radio Marti: Program Review Processes Need Strengthening. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 Sep. Report No.: NSIAD-94-265.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Khanabadi Ghehi M. Global Operation of Integrated Decentralized Power Systems [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Stewart JB. Musk Has Trump’s Ear, and Market Takes Note. New York Times. 2017 Jan 26;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Modern Rheumatology
ISSN (print)	1439-7595
ISSN (online)	1439-7609
Scope