How to format your references using the Modern Rheumatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Modern Rheumatology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Cyranoski D. China: from SARS to the stars. Nature. 2003;426:752–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Floreano D, Wood RJ. Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature. 2015;521:460–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Duckworth RA, Belloni V, Anderson SR. Evolutionary ecology. Cycles of species replacement emerge from locally induced maternal effects on offspring behavior in a passerine bird. Science. 2015;347:875–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Pellegrini L, Yu DS, Lo T, Anand S, Lee M, Blundell TL, et al. Insights into DNA recombination from the structure of a RAD51-BRCA2 complex. Nature. 2002;420:287–93.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Kontush A, Chapman MJ. High-Density Lipoproteins. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

1. Holzbecher E, editor. Environmental Modeling: Using MATLAB®. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Piirainen KA, Briggs RO. Design Theory in Practice – Making Design Science Research More Transparent. In: Jain H, Sinha AP, Vitharana P, editors. Service-Oriented Perspectives in Design Science Research: 6th International Conference, DESRIST 2011, Milwaukee, WI, USA, May 5-6, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 47–61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Modern Rheumatology.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Pigs Can Be Pessimists, But Become More Optimistic In Nicer Surroundings [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/pigs-can-be-pessimists-but-become-more-optimistic-in-nicer-surroundings/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Use of Federally Supported Research Facilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983 May. Report No.: 121372.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Eskridge RD. Municipal government: Does institutional structural reform make a difference in local government? [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Walsh MW. Hedge Funds Sue Governor of Puerto Rico Over Spending. New York Times. 2016 Jul 21;B6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Modern Rheumatology
ISSN (print)	1439-7595
ISSN (online)	1439-7609
Scope