How to format your references using the Minerva Medica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Minerva Medica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Janson S. Computer science. Networking--smoothly does it. Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):298–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Friedman JR, Nunnari J. Mitochondrial form and function. Nature. 2014 Jan 16;505(7483):335–43.

A journal article with 3 authors

Whiteus C, Freitas C, Grutzendler J. Perturbed neural activity disrupts cerebral angiogenesis during a postnatal critical period. Nature. 2014 Jan 16;505(7483):407–11.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Oberauner L, Zachow C, Lackner S, Högenauer C, Smolle KH, Berg G. The ignored diversity: complex bacterial communities in intensive care units revealed by 16S pyrosequencing. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1413.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Murdoch I, Turpin S, Johnston B, MacLullich A, Losman E. Geriatric Emergencies. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Joro T. Extension of Data Envelopment Analysis with Preference Information: Value Efficiency. Korhonen PJ, editor. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2015. XII, 191 p. 57 illus. in color. (International Series in Operations Research & Management Science; vol. 218).

A chapter in an edited book

Wagner RG. A Classic Paving the Way to Modernity: The Ritual of Zhou in the Chinese Reform Debate Since the Taiping Civil War. In: Humphreys SC, Wagner RG, editors. Modernity’s Classics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 77–99. (Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Minerva Medica.

Blog post

Carpineti A. UK Artists and Scientists Launch Space Junk Awareness Project [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/uk-artists-and-scientists-launch-space-junk-awareness-project/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. NASA Procurement: Approach to Sharing Risk Under Certain Research and Development Contracts Is Starting to Change. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992 Mar. Report No.: T-NSIAD-92-12.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Okada H. Modulation of BACE1 by a novel sorting nexin in Alzheimer’s disease [Doctoral dissertation]. [New York, NY]: Columbia University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. Maine Giving Social Security Another Look. New York Times. 2010 Jul 21;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Minerva Medica
Abbreviation	Minerva Med.
ISSN (print)	0026-4806
ISSN (online)	1827-1669
Scope	General Medicine