How to format your references using the Longitudinal and Life Course Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hirschmann, M.M. (2009) Geochemistry. Ironing out the oxidation of Earth’s mantle, Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5940), 545–546.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ives, A.R. and Whitlock, M.C. (2002) Ecology. Inbreeding and metapopulations, Science (New York, N.Y.), 295(5554), 454–455.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cabernard, C., Prehoda, K.E. and Doe, C.Q. (2010) A spindle-independent cleavage furrow positioning pathway, Nature, 467(7311), 91–94.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Neill, D.R., Wong, S.H., Bellosi, A., et al (2010) Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity, Nature, 464(7293), 1367–1370.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Recho, N. (2012) Fracture Mechanics and Crack Growth, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Su, L.J. and Chiang, T.-C. (eds.) (2015) Environmental Epigenetics. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology, London: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Gonzalez-Gallardo, S., Prabusankar, G., Cadenbach, T., et al (2010) “Structure and Bonding of Metal-Rich Coordination Compounds Containing Low Valent Ga(I) and Zn(I) Ligands.”, in Parkin, G. (ed.), Metal-Metal Bonding. Structure and Bonding, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp 147–188.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies.

Blog post

Fang, J. (2014) Fanged Deer Spotted In Afghanistan, IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1999) Research and Development: Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center’s Process for Funding Projects. AIMD-99-277R, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Yoon, Y. (2010) Nano-tribology of discrete track recording media, Doctoral dissertation, University of California San Diego.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander, S. (2000) Bryan Twins End Run of Opening-Round Losses, New York Times, 31 August, p D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hirschmann, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Ives and Whitlock, 2002; Hirschmann, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ives and Whitlock, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Neill et al, 2010)

About the journal

Full journal title	Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
ISSN (online)	1757-9597
Scope